BIOCHEMICAL MOLECULES 1

1. BIOCHEMICAL MOLECULES 1

2. Synthesis and Hydrolysis The most important biological compounds are polymers Polymers (poly = many) • The polymers are: proteins, carbohydrates, lipids (fats), and nucleic acids (DNA/RNA). • A polymer is made up of a chain of many monomers linked together

3. Synthesis and Hydrolysis • MONOMERS (mono = one) • Monomers are: amino acids, sugars, fatty acids, and nucleotides. • These are made (dehydration synthesis) or broken down (hydrolysis) over and over in living cells.

4. macromolecules Large polymers are also called _______________ Macromolecules are formed by _________________, usually by reactions involving the loss of water = ________________________. joining monomers DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS

5. DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS ____________ are joined together during dehydration synthesis. MONOMERS Chains of monomers are called _________ POLYMERS Note: enzymes that speed up dehydration synthesis reactions are called _____________. dehydrogenases

6. HYDROLYSIS HYDROLYSIS The breaking of a polymer into units is ______________ (i.e. done by adding water to polymer). Note: enzymes that speed up hydrolysis reactions are called __________ hydrolases

7. DEHYDRATION SYNTHSIS and HYDROLYSIS ANIMATIONS http://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/dehydrat/dehydrat.html

8. Monomers (sub units) Polymers

9. Polymers a) b) c) d)

10. Polymers a) Carbohydrates b) c) d)

11. Polymers a) Carbohydrates b) c) d) Hydrolysis

12. H2O & Energy Polymers a) Carbohydrates b) c) d) Hydrolysis

13. H2O & Energy Polymers a) Carbohydrates b) c) d) Hydrolysis Monomers a) b) c) d)

14. H2O & Energy Polymers a) Carbohydrates b) c) d) Hydrolysis Monomers a) Simple sugars b) c) d)

15. H2O & Energy Polymers a) Carbohydrates b) c) d) Hydrolysis Monomers a) Simple sugars b) c) d)

16. H2O & Energy Polymers a) Carbohydrates b) c) d) Dehydration Synthesis Hydrolysis Monomers a) Simple sugars b) c) d)

17. H2O & Energy H2O & Energy Polymers a) Carbohydrates b) c) d) Dehydration Synthesis Hydrolysis Monomers a) Simple sugars b) c) d)

18. H2O & Energy H2O & Energy Polymers a) Carbohydrates b) Proteins c) d) Dehydration Synthesis Hydrolysis Monomers a) Simple sugars b) c) d)

19. H2O & Energy H2O & Energy Polymers a) Carbohydrates b) Proteins c) d) Dehydration Synthesis Hydrolysis Monomers a) Simple sugars b) Amino Acids c) d)

20. H2O & Energy H2O & Energy Polymers a) Carbohydrates b) Proteins c) Lipids (fats) d) Dehydration Synthesis Hydrolysis Monomers a) Simple sugars b) Amino Acids c) d)

21. H2O & Energy H2O & Energy Polymers a) Carbohydrates b) Proteins c) Lipids (fats) d) Dehydration Synthesis Hydrolysis Monomers a) Simple sugars b) Amino Acids c) Fatty Acids & Glycerol d)

22. H2O & Energy H2O & Energy Polymers a) Carbohydrates b) Proteins c) Lipids (fats) d) DNA/RNA (nucleic acids) Dehydration Synthesis Hydrolysis Monomers a) Simple sugars b) Amino Acids c) Fatty Acids & Glycerol d)

23. H2O & Energy H2O & Energy Polymers a) Carbohydrates b) Proteins c) Lipids (fats) d) DNA/RNA (nucleic acids) Dehydration Synthesis Hydrolysis Monomers a) Simple sugars b) Amino Acids c) Fatty Acids & Glycerol d) Nucleotides

24. H2O & Energy H2O & Energy Polymers a) Carbohydrates b) Proteins c) Lipids (fats) d) DNA/RNA (nucleic acids) These reactions require: 1. Dehydration Synthesis Hydrolysis Monomers a) Simple sugars b) Amino Acids c) Fatty Acids & Glycerol d) Nucleotides

25. H2O & Energy H2O & Energy Polymers a) Carbohydrates b) Proteins c) Lipids (fats) d) DNA/RNA (nucleic acids) • These reactions require: • ATP energy Dehydration Synthesis Hydrolysis Monomers a) Simple sugars b) Amino Acids c) Fatty Acids & Glycerol d) Nucleotides

26. H2O & Energy H2O & Energy Polymers a) Carbohydrates b) Proteins c) Lipids (fats) d) DNA/RNA (nucleic acids) • These reactions require: • ATP energy • Water Dehydration Synthesis Hydrolysis Monomers a) Simple sugars b) Amino Acids c) Fatty Acids & Glycerol d) Nucleotides

27. H2O & Energy H2O & Energy Polymers a) Carbohydrates b) Proteins c) Lipids (fats) d) DNA/RNA (nucleic acids) • These reactions require: • ATP energy • Water • Enzymes Dehydration Synthesis Hydrolysis Monomers a) Simple sugars b) Amino Acids c) Fatty Acids & Glycerol d) Nucleotides

28. CARBOHYDRATES Where does the name come from? Hydrated Carbons: (CH20)n Carbohydrates have the empirical formula of (CH20)n where n = the # of times the chain is repeated. The carbons, hydrogens and oxygens are found in the ratio of1:2:1and are made up of a repeating chain of sugars. Sugars are also known as saccarides. Carbohydrates usually end in ‘ose’. Can you think of any examples? (CH20)3 = (CH20)6 = C3H603 C6H1206

29. CARBOHYDRATES: monosaccharides The basic sugar molecule is GLUCOSE: C6 H12 O6. Glucose has a ring structure. Other monosaccharides include fructose, ribose, deoxyribose

30. Fructose Glucose 6 sided = HEXOSE 5 sided = PENTOSE ISOMERS C6 H12 O6 C6 H12 O6

31. CARBOHYDRATES: disaccharides When two sugars bind together via DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS a disaccharide is formed.

32. CARBOHYDRATES: disaccharides glucose + glucose forms the sugar maltose glucose + fructose forms the sugar sucrose galactose + glucose forms the sugar lactose

33. CARBOHYDRATES: polysaccharides • When many sugars bind together via dehydration synthesis four types of polysaccharides may be formed: • Starch • Glycogen • Cellulose • Chitin

34. CARBOHYDRATES: polysaccharides CELLULOSE • The cell walls of plants are made of cellulose • They are long chains of glucose molecules with no side chains. • The linkage between the Carbon atoms of the sugars is different than starch and glycogen • No mammal can break this bond • 5. This is why we cannot digest cellulose = FIBRE.

35. CARBOHYDRATES: polysaccharides STARCH • Plants store their energy as starch • Starch is made up of many glucose molecules linked together • Starch has few side chains

36. CARBOHYDRATES: polysaccharides GLYCOGEN • Animals store their energy (extra glucose) as glycogen • We store glycogen in our liver and muscles • Glycogen is made up of many glucose molecules linked together • Glycogen has many side chains

37. CARBOHYDRATES: polysaccharides CHITIN • Made by animals and fungi • Long glucose chains linked with covalent bonds. • Very strong • Makes structures like exo-skeletons, fingernails, claws, and beaks

39. MAIN FUNCTIONS OF CARBS • Energy: when the bonds between Carbon atoms are broken, the energy released can be used by cells. • Carbohydrates are the primary energy molecules for all life. • 2. Structural: Cellulose is the major structural compound in plants (is used in the cell wall).

40. LIPIDS Lipids are made up of the elements C,H,O but in no set ratio. Lipids are large molecules that are insoluble in water.

41. Synthesis of a FAT animation: http://www2.nl.edu/jste/lipids.htm

42. Neutral Fats: Triglycerides • Composed of 3 fatty acids bonded to 1 glycerol. • Fatty acids contain a long chain of 16-18 Carbons with an acid end. • Glycerol is a small 3 Carbon chain with 3 alcohol (OH) groups • These two molecules bind together via dehydration synthesis

43. There are 2 Types of Triglycerides • 1. Saturated fats: • There are no double bonds in the carbon chains of the fatty acids. • The carbons are filled with hydrogens. • Unhealthy. • They mostly come from animals. • Become solid at room temperature. • Examples: lard, butter, animal fats…

45. There are 2 Types of Triglycerides • 2. Unsaturated fats: • There are one (monounsaturated) or more double bonds (polyunsaturated). • Mostly come from plants. • They are liquid at room temperature. • Healthy • Examples: olive oil, corn oil, palm oil…

48. Phospholipids Are used to make up the two layered cell membrane of all cells. In phospholipids, the third fatty acid group of a triglyceride is replaced by an inorganic phosphate group (PO43-).

49. Phospholipids This creates a polar end: The phosphate end is water soluble (hydrophilic) The fatty acid is not water soluble (hydrophobic)