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Comprehensive Overview of Blood: Functions, Composition, and Cellular Components

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This chapter provides an in-depth exploration of blood, detailing its essential functions such as distributing oxygen and nutrients, removing carbon dioxide and wastes, and hormone transport. It examines the composition of blood, including plasma and cellular components like red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Key topics include hematocrit levels, the role of hemoglobin, the process of hematopoiesis, and common blood disorders such as anemia and thrombosis. The chapter also discusses blood groups, including the ABO and Rh systems, and the significance of blood typing.

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Comprehensive Overview of Blood: Functions, Composition, and Cellular Components

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  1. Chapter 10 Blood

  2. Blood • Functions • distribution • oxygen and nutrients • removal of CO2 & wastes • hormones • protection • prevent blood loss • prevent infection • regulation • body temp. blood’s temp. 100.4 degrees F • normal Ph 7.35-7.45 • volume • males ~ 5-6 L • females ~ 4-5 L

  3. Blood • Fluid Tissue ~ connective • plasma • blood cells • hematocrit • red blood cells 45% • Plasma 55% • Buffy coat less than 1 % contains white cells and platelets

  4. Composition & Character • Plasma • water • 90% • protein • antibodies albumin fibrogen • electrolytes • Na + K + Ca + Cl - Mg + • other components • gases • O2 and CO2 • glucose • fatty acids • vitamins

  5. Red Blood Cells • Erythrocytes • Transport oxygen to cells • Mature RBC lack a nucleus- eject it • Live 120 days – destroyed by the spleen • Made in red bone marrow • Small biconcave discs thinner in center • Females: 4.3-5.2 million cells/mm3 • Males: 5.1-5.8 million cells/mm3

  6. RBC • Hemoglobin • Iron containing pigment • 12-18 g/100ml • Single cell has about 250 million hemoglobin molecules can bind with 4 oxygens Hematopoiesis- blood cell formation red bone marrow stem cells

  7. RBC • Life span – 120 days • Anemia – decrease in O2 carrying capacity • Hemoglobin and or RBC deficiency • Symptoms: pale, cold, tired, short of breath • Causes • Sickle cells • B12 deficiency • Hemorrhage • Low iron • Bacterial infections

  8. Platelets • Thrombocytes • Cell fragments • 300,000/mm3 • Hemostasis- stops blood flow “clots” • Platelets cling to damaged site, • blood clotting factors • fibrogenform fibrin • and then clot • Hemostasis disorders thrombus embolus “clots” hemophilia - no clots

  9. White Blood Cells- Leukocytes • defense and immunity • contain nuclei and organelles • 5000 - 10,000 WBC’s • granular leukocytes • neutrophil’s ~ 3,000 - 7,000 54-62% of WBC • phagocytes • multilobed nucleus stain pink grains deep purple • eosinophils ~ 100-400 1-3% of WBC • chemicals to kill parasitic worms allergies • red granuals blue-red bilobed nucleus • basophils ~ 20-30 less than 1% of WBC • secrete histamines - vasodilators • chemicals to kill foreign substances • few large blue-purple grains • u or s shaped nucleus

  10. Agranulocytes • Monocytes 100-700 3-9 % of WBC • Large cells two to three times larger than RBC • Phagocytes • Present in chronic infections • Lymphocytes ~ 1500 – 3000 25-33% • small cells - r.b.c size • large dark purple nucleus • Provide immunity B cells and T cells • Secrete antibodies

  11. WBC count • leukocytosis above 11,000 cells / mm 3 • infection • leukopenia • low count • drugs steroids flu mumps measles AIDS • leukemia • too many immature WBC’s > 17,000 • mononucleosis • too many abnormal monocytes

  12. Blood Groups • Human Blood Groups • 30 common antigens on RBC’s • Antigens- agglutinogens • proteins on cell surfaces • Antibodies- agglutinins • proteins made in response to foreign antigens • agglutination • “clumping” • binding of antibodies to foreign antigens

  13. Blood Groups • ABO Systems

  14. Blood Groups • RH System • Rh – mother can make antibodies against developing Rh+ fetus • eight different kinds of Rh antigens • most important is antigen D have Rh + • lack antigen D Rh - make Rh antibodies • Blood Typing • cross matching

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