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DNA & Gel Electrophoresis

DNA & Gel Electrophoresis. Guilford County Sci Vis V205.05. The Structure of DNA. DNA. Deoxyribonucleic acid Large molecule called a polymer Polymer means molecule with many units Units or monomers of DNA are nucleotides. Nucleotides. Made of 5-carbon sugar called deoxyribose

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DNA & Gel Electrophoresis

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  1. DNA & Gel Electrophoresis Guilford County Sci Vis V205.05

  2. The Structure of DNA

  3. DNA • Deoxyribonucleic acid • Large molecule called a polymer • Polymer means molecule with many units • Units or monomers of DNA are nucleotides

  4. Nucleotides • Made of 5-carbon sugar called deoxyribose • Deoxyribose contain a phosphate group and one of four nitrogen bases • 4 nitrogen bases • A for adenine • G for guanine • C for cytosine • T for thymine

  5. Purine Bases • Adenine and guanine • The larger of the 2 types of bases • Have a double ring structure Adenine Guanine

  6. Pyrimidine Bases • Cytosine and Thymine • Have a single ring structure Cytosine Thymine

  7. Deoxyribose sugar • 3 oxygen and 5 carbon atoms which make up the DNA “backbone” • The hydroxyl groups’ carbons link to phosphates to form this “backbone” dAMP: Deoxyadenosine monophosphate, a nucleotide containing adenine, a 2'-deoxyribose sugar and phosphate, part of DNA structure. dCMP: Deoxycytosine monophosphate, a nucleotide containing cytidine, a 2'-deoxy sugar, and phosphate, part of DNA structure.

  8. Double Helix • DNA is composed of twisting strands of nucleotides • Each strand is a helix or spiral staircase • 2 strands are bound together to create a double helix Double helix

  9. Configuration of DNA • A & T always join together and form 2 hydrogen bonds • C & G always join together and form 3 hydrogen bonds • Think A & T and UNCG to remember these.

  10. DNA Fingerprinting

  11. Definition • Method of identification that compares fragments of DNA • DNA is the genetic material found in the cell nucleus • DNA of each individual is unique, with identical twins being the only exception

  12. Constructing a Fingerprint • A “fingerprint” is constructed by • Obtaining a DNA sample from body tissue or fluid • Cutting this sample into pieces using enzymes • Arranging these pieces using gel electrophoresis

  13. Gel Electrophoresis • Refers to the forced movement of molecules by electricity • Separates macromolecules (large molecules) on the basis of size, electric charge, and other physical properties. • The gel is like Jell-o. • Electrophoresis describes the moving of the charged DNA • Electro: energy of electricity • Phoros: to carry across

  14. Steps in Gel Electrophoresis • Holes created in gel to hold DNA solution • DNA solutions loaded into holes • Gel is “excited” by electricity and small molecules move through the gel • Photograph is taken to save the results of the fingerprint • 2 matching fingerprints indicate they are probably from identical sources

  15. Uses of fingerprinting • Discovery of genetic causes of diseases • Mapping the human genome (2003) • Forensic science • Paternity testing

  16. References • Adenine and guanine - http://www.chemsoc.org/networks/learnnet/cfb/nucleicacids.htm • Thymine and cytosine - http://www.chemsoc.org/networks/learnnet/cfb/nucleicacids.htm • dAMP & dCMP - http://www.cancerwatch.org/glossary/glossary_7.cfm

  17. References • Double helix - http://alum.mit.edu/ne/opendoor/200507/images/double-helix.jpg • A&T logo – www.ncat.edu • UNCG logo – www.uncg.edu

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