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Understanding Protein Synthesis Process and RNA Types

Learn about protein synthesis, RNA types (mRNA, tRNA, rRNA), transcription process, genetic code, and more. Discover how DNA instructions are translated into functional proteins through RNA molecules in the cell.

miriam-nolan
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Understanding Protein Synthesis Process and RNA Types

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  1. 12-3 Protein Synthesis

  2. Double stranded Sugar = deoxyribose Thymine (no Uracil) Stays in nucleus One type Same copy in the cell all the time Single stranded Sugar = ribose Uracil (instead of Thymine) Nucleus & cytoplasm 3 types (mRNA, tRNA, rRNA) Disposable copies DNA vs. RNA

  3. Ribose vs. Deoxyribose

  4. RNA • many functions but mostly just protein synthesis • three main types of RNA: messenger RNA, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA

  5. Types of RNA

  6. mRNA • RNA molecules that carry copies of the DNA instructions = mRNA • messenger RNA (mRNA) = serve as “messengers” from DNA to the rest of the cell

  7. rRNA • Ribosomes are made up of several dozen proteins, as well as a form of RNA known as ribosomal RNA (rRNA).

  8. tRNA • During the construction of a protein, a third type of RNA molecule transfers each amino acid to the ribosome • as specified by coded messages in mRNA. • These RNA molecules are known as transfer RNA (tRNA).

  9. Transcription (DNA  mRNA) • RNA molecules are produced by copying part of the nucleotide sequence of DNA into a complementary sequence in RNA • required enzyme = RNA polymerase • RNA polymerase binds to DNA (in nucleus) • separates the DNA strands • RNA polymerase then uses one strand of DNA as a template • nucleotides are assembled into a strand of mRNA

  10. Where does RNA start? • enzyme will bind only to regions of DNA known as promoters • promoters are signals in DNA that indicate to the enzyme where to bind to make RNA (“start sequence”). • Similar signals in DNA cause transcription to stop when the new RNA molecule is completed.

  11. The “language” of mRNA instructions is called the genetic code • RNA contains four different bases: A, U, C, and G • Letters read “3” at a time = codon • Codon = a group of three nucleotides on messenger RNA that specify a particular amino acid.

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