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Chapter 14

Chapter 14. Norton Media Library. Give Me Liberty! An American History Second Edition Volume 1. by Eric Foner. Map 52. I. First modern war. Industrial-era weaponry Mobilization of society against society. II. Initial outlook. Union’s material advantages (see figure 14.1, page 486)

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Chapter 14

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  1. Chapter 14 Norton Media Library Give Me Liberty! An American History Second EditionVolume 1 by Eric Foner

  2. Map 52

  3. I. First modern war • Industrial-era weaponry • Mobilization of society against society

  4. II. Initial outlook • Union’s material advantages (see figure 14.1, page 486) • Confederacy’s strategic advantages (see figure 14.1, page 486) • Spirit and composition of respective armies

  5. CIVIL WAR RESOURCES (in ratios)

  6. III. Modern challenges of war • Technological • Transportation: Railroads • Communication: Telegraph, observation balloons • Warships: ironclads (Monitor v. Merrimac) • Arms: Extreme importance of rifle • Medical care: Nature of conflict, POW camps, etc. • Public opinion • Propaganda • Union • Confederate • War coverage • News correspondence • Photography

  7. III. Modern challenges of war (cont’d) • Mobilization of resources • Areas in need of • Rail • Banking • Tax • Military supplies • Comparative performance of Union and Confederacy • Initial unpreparedness of each side • Eventual supremacy of Union military provision • Defensive strategy of Confederacy under R. E. Lee • Union’s early failure to exploit • Lincoln’s strategic insight • Need to pursue Confederate armies • Need to target slavery • Alexander Stephens: slavery is the “cornerstone” of the Confederacy

  8. IV. Progress of the war (1861-62) • In the East • Major battles • 1st Bull Run (July 1861) • Seven Days’ Campaign (June 1862) • 2nd Bull Run (August 1862) • Antietam (September 1862) • Fredericksburg (December 1862) • Top generals • George B. McClellan • Robert E. Lee

  9. Map 53

  10. IV. Progress of the war (1861-62) (cont’d) • In the West • Ulysses S. Grant • Capture of Forts Henry and Donelson (February 1862) • Occupation of New Orleans by Admiral David G. Farragut (April 1862) • Battle of Shiloh (April 1862)

  11. Map 54

  12. V. Coming of emancipation • Initial Union disclaimers • Abraham Lincoln: see quote on page 491 • Congress: John J. Crittenden • Military commanders • Adoption of ‘contraband of war’ policy: Benjamin F. Butler • Slaves responses to war • Perception of ‘freedom war’ • Escape to Union lines • Provision of intelligence to Union army • Disruption of plantations

  13. V. Coming of emancipation (cont’d) • Steps toward emancipation • Growing support in North • Congressional measures • Ban on return of fugitive slaves • Abolition in D.C. and territories • 2nd Confiscation Act • Lincoln’s shifting position • Rescinding John C. Fremont’s decree in Missouri (August 1861) • Proposal for gradual, compensated emancipation in border states • Endorsement of colonization • “It is better for us both to be separated”

  14. V. Coming of emancipation (cont’d) • Emancipation Proclamation • Lincoln’s decision (summer 1862) • Reasoning behind • Lack of military success • Need for additional manpower • Northern public opinion • Foreign public opinion • Timing of announcement: following victory • Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation (Antietam) • Terms • Northern reaction • Racial alarm by Democrats • Republican setbacks in fall elections • Lincoln response (see quote, page 494)

  15. V. Coming of emancipation (cont’d) • Emancipation Proclamation • Issuance of Proclamation (January 1, 1863) • Terms • Extent of emancipation: Confederate slaves (3 million) • Limits of emancipation: Union slaves? • Implications • Merging of war goals of union and abolition • Commitment of North to black enlistments • Recognition that freedpeople’s future lay in America

  16. V. Coming of emancipation (cont’d) • Black soldiers in Union army • Steps toward black enlistment • Initial refusal to accept black volunteers • Employment of escaped slaves in non-combat positions • Recruitment of black soldiers • Black military performance • Numbers who served and died: @ 200,000 / @ 65,000 • Record of bravery: 54th Massachusetts • Impact on public consciousness • Impact on black participants • Experience of freedom • Seedbed for postwar black leadership

  17. V. Coming of emancipation (cont’d) • Black soldiers in Union army • Unequal treatment of black troops • Types of inequality in Army • Contrast to practice in Navy • Exceptional brutality from Confederate captors • Fort Pillow, TN massacre (Nathan B. Forrest) • Legacies of black military effort • Heightened black sense of entitlement to citizenship • Expanded northern commitment to equal rights • Impact on Lincoln • Suspension of POW exchanges • Partial suffrage

  18. VI. State and society in the North • New conceptions of American nation • As embodiment of universal ideals • Political democracy • Human liberty • Equal rights • Basis in religious and secular ideas of freedom • Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address • From ‘union’ to ‘nation’

  19. VI. State and society in the North (cont’d) • New American nation-state • Expansion of government power and responsibilities • Shift in balance of power from state to federal government • Liberty in wartime • Limits of wartime dissent • Arrests of critics of war effort or government • Suspension of habeas corpus • Limits of wartime suppression • Continued presence of Democratic press • Continued holding of contested elections

  20. VI. State and society in the North (cont’d) • Economic prosperity and expansion • Areas of • Industry • Agriculture • Federal contribution to • Homestead Act • Land Grant College Act • Land grant for transcontinental railroad • Terms of grant • Scale of project • Impact of project

  21. VI. State and society in the North (cont’d) • Economic prosperity and expansion • New financial system • Increased tariffs • New taxes • On production and consumption of goods • On income • Government borrowing • New national paper currency; ‘greenbacks’ • Issued by federal government • Issued by federally chartered banks • Forging of industrial fortunes

  22. VI. State and society in the North (cont’d) • Woman and the war • New job opportunities • In factories • In professions • In government offices • Involvement in military campaigns • Participation in voluntary associations • U.S. Sanitary Commission • Expanded sense of public role • Leading figures • Clara Barton • Mary Livermore

  23. VI. State and society in the North (cont’d) • Social and political tensions • Targets of resentment • ‘Copperhead’ opposition • Expanded federal power • Inequalities of draft system • Business profits • Prospect of racial equality • New York City draft riots

  24. VII. State and society in the South • Limitations of Confederate governance • President Jefferson Davis • ‘King Cotton Diplomacy’ • Failed effort to compel British recognition • Prod to expanded production overseas • Obstructionist governors • Southern white sentiment • Initial wave of enthusiasm for Confederacy • Points of growing disaffection • Inequalities of draft system • Material shortages • Material devastation • “Impressment” of farmers’ goods • Impoverishment of yeomen

  25. VII. State and society in the South (cont’d) • Southern white sentiment • Manifestations of disaffection • Food riots • Desertion • Southern Unionists • Organized movements • Secret societies • Suppression of • Southern white women and the Confederacy • Wartime burdens on the homefront • Increasing disgruntlement with war • Initiative to bring slaves into Confederate army • Backing for plan by Confederate authorities • Rejection by Confederate Senate • Eventual approval by Lee, Confederate Congress

  26. VIII. Progress of the war (1863-64) • Continued momentum of Confederacy • Victory at Chancellorsville • Lee’s invasion of North • Turning point • Gettysburg • Vicksburg • Grant’s war of attrition • The Wilderness • Spotsylvania • Cold Harbor • Petersburg • Sherman’s march to Atlanta

  27. Map 56

  28. IX. Election of 1864 • Initial doubts about Lincoln’s prospects • Radical Republican groundswell for Fremont candidacy • Amendment abolishing slavery • Federal protection for freedmen’s rifghts • Confiscation of leading Confederate land • Democratic nomination of McClellan • Immediate cease-fire & peace conference • Late surge for Lincoln victory • Sheridan in Virginia and Sherman in Georgia • Lincoln victory

  29. X. Wartime rehearsals for Reconstruction • Emerging questions concerning transition from slavery to freedom • Sea Island experiment (“the rehearsal for Reconstruction”) • Participants • Range of perspectives and agendas • Louisiana and Mississippi Valley • Participants • Range of perspectives and agendas • Northern debate over terms of southern readmission • Lincoln’s Ten Percent Plan • Radical Republicans’ Wade-Davis Plan • Majority loyalty • Racial legal equality

  30. XI. Conclusion of War (1864-65) A. Sherman’s March to the Sea, then South Carolina B. Congressional passage of Thirteenth Amendment C. Lincoln’s second inaugural D. Union occupation of Richmond E. Lee’s surrender to Grant at Appomattox F. Assassination of Lincoln 1. Story of 2. Scope of national mourning

  31. Map 57

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