Failures of the World War I Peace Settlement

1. Failures of the World War I Peace Settlement • Treaty of Versailles causes anger, resentment in Europe • Germany resents blame for war, loss of colonies, border territories • Russia resents loss of lands used to create other nations • New democracies flounder under social, economic problems • Dictators rise; driven by nationalism, desire for more territory

2. Joseph Stalin transforms the Soviet Union • 1922 V. I. Lenin establishes Soviet Union after civil war • 1924 Joseph Stalin takes over: • Believes in eventual rule by working class • Creates second largest industrial power; famines kill millions • Believed in state ownership of property • Replaces private farms with collectives • Totalitarian government exerts almost complete control over people • The Great Purge- Purges anyone who threatens his power; 8-13 million killed

3. Nazis Take over Germany • Adolf Hitler leader of National Socialist German Workers’ Party • Wrote Mein Kampf-basic beliefs of Nazism, based on extreme nationalism • Believed in extreme nationalism and racism, militaristic expansionism • Established Third Reich, Pulled out of League of Nations, built up military and sent troops to Rhineland • Private Property and Strong Government • Believed he was part of “master race” destined to rule the world • Felt Jews were responsible for world’s problems= racial “purification” • Anti-Communism

4. Hedeki Tojo • Difficult economic times in Japan after WWI undermined the country’s political system • Many Japanese officers/civilians wanted to seize territory to gain needed resources • Believes in nationalism and militaristic expansionism • 1931- Japanese nationalist military leaders seize resource rich Manchuria • League of Nations condemns action; Japan quits League • Militarists take control of Japanese government

5. Benito Mussolini • Unemployment, inflation lead to bitter strikes, some communist-led • Benito Mussolini plays on fears of economic collapse, communism • Supported by government officials, police, army • 1922 appointed head of government, establishes totalitarian state • Italy developed the first major dictatorship in Europe (Facism) aggressive nationalism • Believed Nation more important than individual • Agreed to the Rome-Berlin Axis Pact • Oversaw invasion of Ethiopia

6. Francisco Franco • Civil War breaks out in Spain • 1936 Gen. Francisco Franco rebels against Spanish republic • Hitler, Mussolini back Franco; Stalin aids opposition • Western democracies remain neutral • Believes in Fascism and Militarism • War leads to Rome-Berlin Axis- alliance between Italy and Germany • 1939, Franco wins war, becomes fascist dicator

7. Americans Cling to Isolationism • Public is outraged at profits of _______, arms dealers during WWI. • Europeans refused to pay war debts to US. • Americans become ________________; FDR backs away from ____________ policy • 1935 ____________________ try to keep U.S. out of future wars • Outlaws ________ sales, loans to nations at war • 1937 Japan launches new attack on China; FDR sends aid to _____________ • FDR wants to isolate aggressor nations to stop _______.

8. Austria and Czechoslovakia Fall • Post WWI division of Austria-Hungary creates fairly small __________. • Majority of Austrians are ___________, favor unification with Germany • 1938, German troops march into Austria _________________ union complete • US., rest of world do nothing to stop Germany

9. Bargaining for the Sudetenland • 3 million German-speakers in Sudetenland • Hitler claims Czechs abuse Sudeten Germans, masses _________________ on border. • 1938, Prime Ministes Daladier, Neville Chamberlain meet with _____________. • Sign ___________________, hand Sudetenland over to Germany • Winston Churchill condemns appeasement policy, warns _____________ will follow • _____________________- giving up principles to pacify an aggressor

10. The Soviet Union Declares Neutrality • March 1939, German troops occupy rest of Czechoslovakia • Hitler charges Poles mistreat ___________ in Poland • Many think he’s bluffing; invading Poland would bring ___________________ war. • Stalin, Hitler sign _________________________- will not attack each other • Sign second, secret pact agreeing to divide ____________ between them.

11. German Offensive Begins (2 slides) • Sept 1939, Hitler overruns Poland in _______________, lightening war. • Germany _____________ western Poland; USSR annexes east • ________________________ declare war on Germany; World War II begins • French, British soldiers on Maginot Line face Germans in __________________. • Stalin annexes Latvia, Lithuania; defeats ___________. • 1940, Hitler invades Denmark, Norway, then ____________________.

12. The Fall of France • German army goes through __________________, bypassing French, British • British, French trapped on _______________; ferried to safely in UK • 1940, Italy invades France from south; Germans approach _______________. • France falls; Germans ___________ northern France • __________________ pupped government set up in southern France • General Charles de Gaulle sets up government ________________ in England.

13. The Battle of Britain • Summer 1940, Germany prepares fleet to invade Britain • Battle of Britain – German __________ bomb British targets • Britain uses ___________ to track, shoot down German planes • Hitler calls off invasion of Britain • Germans, British continue to bomb each other’s cities

14. The US moves Cautiously Away from Neutrality • 1939, FDR persuades Congress to pass _______________ provision • Argues will help France, Britain defeat Hitler, keep ________ out of war • 1940 FDR tries to provide Britain “all _____ short of war” • Germany, Japan, Italy sign Tripartite Pact, mutual defense treaty • Became known as __________________. • Pact aimed at keeping US out of war by forcing fight on ________________.

15. Building US Defenses • Nazi victories in 1940 lead to increased U.S defense spending