Reapportionment and Gerrymandering

1. Reapportionment and Gerrymandering “Representatives shall be apportioned among the several States…within every subsequent term of ten years…” Article I, Section 2, Clause 3

2. Every ten years, we conduct a census to count the citizens. This is done to determine how many Congressmen each State should have in the House of Representatives. • As the population grew, new Congressional districts were added to keep up with the growth. • Then, in 1929, Congress set the limit of the number of Representatives at 435. Now, every 10 years, more constituents are added to each of the 435 Congressional districts.

3. The individual States redraw their Congressional districts every 10 years for two reasons: 1) based on the number of Representatives they have 2) the new locations of their population. • This is called redistricting • This is considered a political activity because it is essentially done by political parties in the state legislatures with the majority party trying to gain as much power for itself than the other guys.

4. Since it is a political activity, different groups try to gain advantages by drawing districts certain ways. • Parties can limit the power of the other party by creating districts that ‘favor’ their own party. • Parties can also try to help or hurt minorities to keep their votes down or giving them a single district where they make a majority number.

5. “Packing” – Put all of the people from the targeted group into one district so they have only one Representative (and therefore not much power). 1 2 4 5 3 4 6 As a way to keep these groups from voting, states could do one of two things:

6. 2 1 3 5 6 4 “Cracking” – Spread out the targeted group among as many districts as possible so they would have no impact on the election.

7. This is called gerrymandering: def: The drawing of electoral district lines to the advantage of a specific party or group.

8. Rules for Reapportionment • Each Congressional district must be geographically continuous. • Each district in a State must have approximately the same number of voters. • States cannot gerrymander for race, but may gerrymander for political (party) gain. • “majority-minority districts” = districts where the minority racial group is the majority • Struck down by the Supreme Court in 1996

9. Westbury v. Sanders • 1964 U.S. Supreme Court case • Said that each district must have these rules. • “one person, one vote” • One district cannot have 50,000 voters while another has 500,000. The people in the 500,000 voter district don’t have an equal voice as the people do in the smaller district.

10. Changes in number of Congressmen based on 2000 Census

11. 1st attempt

12. 2nd attempt

13. 2nd attempt Notice how the rest of the districts are compact and simple. Why make the 12th so odd? Race

14. 3rd attempt (2 years before new census)

15. 1990 attempt

16. 1992 Redone (Nice and simple)

17. All of the green is one district. The 11th (blue) is one district. 2000 redistricting

18. 6th Dist. (used to be us) Again, all of the pink is one district… does this look “continuous”? This was drawn by Democratically controlled GA House and Senate trying to limit the GOP

19. 2006 Redone (Nice and simple again!)

20. 1992 Redone (Nice and simple)

21. Gerrymandering in GA recently • Georgia’s State House and Senate districts were ruled unconstitutional by a federal court a few years ago and ordered to be redrawn. • “One-person, one-vote” was a reason • Some districts had multiple representatives…? • The General Assembly didn’t act fast enough, so a federally appointed group redid them. Some had new representatives and voting places assigned last summer. • We have to have any changes pre-cleared by the U.S. Department of Justice because of the 1965 Voting Rights Act.