Biology Objective 3

1. Biology Objective 3 Demonstrate an understanding of the interdependence of organisms and the environment.

2. Biomes Identified by biotic and abiotic factors • Biotic – what kinds of plants and animals live in it. • Abiotic – Nonliving characteristics such as soil type, rainfall amounts, and average temperature cycles.

3. A scientist has hypothesized that theexistence of life on Mars is likely becauseMars’s atmosphere is 95% carbon dioxide. 36 Which question is valid in testing this hypothesis? F Do most other scientists agree with the hypothesis? G Could abiotic processes account for the carbon dioxide? H What is the percent of argon compared to carbon dioxide in the Martian atmosphere? J Have the scientist’s other predictions about Mars been validated?

4. 36 Which question is valid in testing this hypothesis? When testing an hypothesis, there should be only one variable changed at a time. If this is not possible, then all possible reasons for an outcome need to be considered. In this case, carbon dioxide can be produced by chemical reactions other than cellular respiration, which is a biotic process. That is why answer G is the best answer. F Do most other scientists agree with the hypothesis? G Could abiotic processes account for the carbon dioxide? H What is the percent of argon compared to carbon dioxide in the Martian atmosphere? J Have the scientist’s other predictions about Mars been validated?

5. Name the Biome Temperate Forest Desert Tundra Grasslands Tropical Rainforest Taiga

6. What are they referring to? • Biosphere – The entire area of the planet that supports life. • Biome – An area defined by specific abiotic and biotic factors. • Community – The groups of living things in an area and how they relate.

7. Ecology – The study of the relationships among living things • Symbiosisis a close relationship between two living things. • When both are helped it is called mutualism • When one is helped and there is no effect on the other it is called commensalism • When one is helped and the other is harmed it is calledparasitism

8. Mutualism . . . Sharks are cleaned by a little fish known as a remora. The shark never eats them since they clean bacteria off of the shark. Since both species are helped, this is mutualism.

9. Commensalism . . . Orchids live high in tree-tops on the branches of large trees. They do not harm the tree, but they are helped by being raised up into the sunshine and receiving water.

10. Parasites . . . Parasites harm or kill the host. A good example is a tape worm. It intercepts all of the hosts food, causing the host to starve to death.

11. 35 Clown fish are small reef fish that seek protection from predators by sheltering themselves among the stinging tentacles of sea anemones. Clown fish are very territorial and can potentially scare off predators of sea anemones. This relationship is an example of -- A neutralism B mutualism C parasitism D commensalism This is not a type of symbiosis Incorrect Since both are helped, it is of mutual benefit or Neither is harmed so this is incorrect Means only one is being helped and the relationship has no effect on the other – also incorrect

12. What is helped? Both the ants and the tree. This is the definition of:

13. All energy on the earth comes from the sun.

14. Used by producers 18 Energy used by producers in a grassland food web is provided by- This is a process, not an energy source. H and J are elements which are types of matter, not energy. So our answer should be: F F sunlight G photosynthesis H oxygen J carbon dioxide

15. Energy Diagrams At one end of the diagram are plants. They are called producers since they are capable of turning sunlight into food by photosynthesis. They pass 10% of the energy they absorb to animals that eat them.

16. Consumers 1st Order Consumers eat only plants and are also called herbivores. 2nd Order Consumers eat only animals and are called carnivores. 3rd Order Consumers animals that eat other animals, they are also known as carnivores

17. 39 Wolves and hawks are at the same trophic level because they — A both live on land B are both large mammals C both eat primary consumers D have similar hunting patterns Trophic level Means 1st , 2nd or 3rd Order Consumer

18. 10% Energy Rule –Only 10% of the energy moves up to the next trophic level. Decomposers

19. If we apply the 10% rule, 10% of the 1000 kcal of the plant is consumed or 100 kcal, and 10% of that is 10 kcal which is 1% of the original 1000kcal, but only 3 kcal is available to the tissues so it is A. 43 Approximately how much of the energy available in the tissues of the producer is eventually incorporated into the tissues of a secondary consumer? A Less than 1% B Between 20% and 30% C Approximately 50% D More than 50%

20. Food Chain – One of many feeding relationships in a community • Arrows in a food chain show the direction of energy flow. • This is not the only feeding relationship for these organisms. • When several or all of the food relationships are shown it’s a . . .

21. Food Web

22. Food Webs • Food webs attempt to show all the feeding relationships in a community. • The direction of the arrows shows the direction of energy flow. • At the bottom of every web and every chain is a plant. These are the only things that can turn sunshine into food.

23. 37 Which of these groups of organisms would most likely have accumulated the largest concentration of a long-lasting chemical pollutant in their bodies? A Phytoplankton B Zooplankton C Lake trout D Gulls Since the Gulls are at the top of the food web, they would have the highest accumulation of everything but energy.

24. Predator and Prey • Prey are the animals that are eaten as a food source for the . . . • Predator This is the hunter animal. The population of the predator must be less than the prey or they do not have enough food.

25. To increase the predator population you could do what? 24 Which of the following is most likely to cause increases in a predator population? F Fewer prey G A reduction in competition H More parasites J A period of drought Reduces available food – Nope! Less predators, they would be sick or dying! Less predators and prey, they’d be gone looking for water!

26. Carrying Capacity • This is the maximum number of a specific population that an area can support with enough food and living requirements. It is shown by a line on population graphs for a specific species.

27. 2 Because of this animal’s adaptations, it would be most successful at — F competing with birds G making its own food H hiding from predators J running very rapidly

28. And the answer is? • H hiding from predators. • Its not a plant, so it can’t make food. • It has no wings, so it can not compete with birds. • Although it has long legs, it doesn’t seem balanced for running.

29. Water Cycle • Precipitation (rain and snow) fall on plants and ground. • Plants respire and evaporate water back into clouds. • The ground filters the water run-off into the lakes where it evaporates again.

30. 21 The diagram shows physical changes that occur in the water cycle. Which of these shows condensation? A Q B R C S D T Precipitation Run Off of ground water Evaporation

31. Carbon Cycle • Glucose C6H12O6 is produced by plants, eaten by animals. Photosynthesis • Animals and plants exhale CO2 which is taken in by plants to make glucose Cellular Respiration

32. Nitrogen Cycle

33. Nitrogen Cycle • Lightening and bacteria in the ground “fix” nitrogen into a form usable by plants. • It is absorbed by plants, through their roots as nitrates, so they can be used to build amino acids essential for building proteins (including enzymes) and the nitrogen bases of DNA.

34. Rock Cycle

35. Man’s Effects on the Environment • Ozone (O3)is a protective layer at the top of the atmosphere. • However, when it occurs near the ground, it is very harmful to all living things: it is SMOG

36. Man’s Effects on the Environment • More than 90% of fresh water is locked in ice at the polar caps and in glaciers. • Much of the fresh water is polluted by land run-off, dumping of wastes and excess heat directly into lakes, oceans and rivers.

37. Man’s Effects on the Environment Global warming, also called the Greenhouse Effect, is caused by burning of fossil fuels and destruction of our oxygen-producing protista in the oceans, and deforestation on land. Less plants means less oxygen and more CO2.

38. 54 Which of these activities can help conserve natural resources? Reduce, Reuse, Recycle What is the phrase for ecology? F Recycling cardboard boxes G Washing small loads of laundry H Driving large cars J Building wooden fences Yes! Recycle! Not saving water! Wasting fuel! Cutting down trees that give oxygen and clean air!

39. Evolution: The process of change over time. • There are natural variations in all populations. • As environmental changes occur, and as pressures in terms of food, space, shelter and finding mates occur, some variations allow individuals to survive. • The members who survive ANDreproduce fertile offspring cause these changes to become characteristics of the species.

40. Speciation: Separation into new species. • Geographic isolation can cause two different natural variations to become prominent causing two separate species. • Reproductive isolation can have the same effect.

41. What is extinction and what causes it? • A population is extinct when the last of that species is dead. • Example: There are no more dinosaurs. • What happened? Their habitat was destroyed. When they no longer have what they need to live, they die.

42. Fossils • These are imprints or remains of living things. • In undisturbed layers of sedimentary rock, the deeper it is, the older it is. • Give us information about extinct species.

43. Homologous means they have the same origin, but may be different now. Example, the upper arm bones in horses, whales, bats, and humans. Analogous means they have the same function but come from different origins. Example, bird wings and wings of butterflies. Homologous vs. Analogous Structures

44. Viruses • Viruses are not alive because they can not reproduce on their own, and • They do not grow and develop and • They do not exchange with their environment • THEY ARE NOT MADE OF CELLS (no cell membrane)

45. Viral Illnesses • Measles, mumps, colds, influenza, cold sores, mononucleosis, AIDS are all illnesses that are caused by a virus. • A virus has a protein coat, a strand inside of DNA or RNA, and some type of attachment appendage. • Antibiotics do NOT work on viruses

46. Bacteria • Bacteria can cause illnesses too, however 90% of all bacteria is helpful, NOT harmful. • Without bacteria, you would not be able to make or eat cheese or ice cream. Without them, you would be ill most of the time. • Without bacteria, no animal would be able to digest and use the energy from cellulose (plant cell walls) for energy. Cows and termites have mutualistic relationships with digestive-tract bacteria that break the cellulose down. • Strep throat (Streptococcus) and staph infections (Staphylococcus) are examples of bacterial infections.

47. Tomorrow, Chemistry Review