7 -4 : THE GROWTH OF CITIES 1865-1900

1. 7-4: THE GROWTH OF CITIES1865-1900

2. Learning Objectives • WXT 1.0 Explain how different labor systems developed in North America and the United States, and explain their effects on workers’ lives and U.S. society. • WXT 2.0 Explain how patterns of exchange, markets, and private enterprise have developed, and analyze ways that governments have responded to economic issues. • MIG 1.0 Explain the causes of migration to colonial North America, and later, the United States, and analyze immigration’s effects on U.S. society. • MIG 2.0 Analyze causes of internal migration and patterns of settlement in what would become the United States, and explain how migration has affected American life. • NAT 4.0 Analyze relationships among different regional, social, ethnic, and racial groups, and explain how these groups’ experiences have related to U.S. national identity.

3. Key Concepts • Technological advances, large-scale production methods, and the opening of new markets encouraged the rise of industrial capitalism in the United States • The migrations that accompanied industrialization transformed both urban and rural areas of the United States and caused dramatic social and cultural change. • The Gilded Age produced new cultural and intellectual movements, public reform efforts, and political debates over economic and social policies.

4. A Nation of Immigrants • Growth of Immigration • Push factors—poverty, religious persecution, limited opportunities • Pull factor—economic growth in U.S. • Ellis Island, New York • Angel Island, San Francisco

5. A Nation of Immigrants • “Old Immigrants” • Pre-1880: Western Europe • “New Immigrants” • Southern and Eastern Europe • Asia • Debates over assimilation and “Americanization” • “Melting Pot” • Adoption of English and American customs

6. A Nation of Immigrants • Restricting Immigration • Nativism • Catholic, Jewish influence • Different languages and cultures • Job competition • Linked to radicalism (unions) • Chinese Exclusion Act • Supported by working class

7. Urbanization • Lure of the City • 1870 urban population—40 million • 1900 urban population—80 million • Cities grew as manufacturing and transportation centers • Changes in the Nature of Cities • Streetcar cities • Skyscrapers • Growing Middle Class • Ethnic Neighborhoods • Slums

8. Urbanization • Boss and Machine Politics • Distant role of federal government—state and local governments more important • Political Machines • Corrupt organizations in local government • Traded services and favors in exchange for votes • Bribes and kickbacks to government officials • Gained support by providing services to the poor and immigrants • Tammany Hall, NY—Boss Tweed

9. Awakening Reform • Social Critics • Veblen—“predatory wealth” of the “leisure class” • Bellamy—disillusionment with problems of industrialization • Social Gospel • Christian duty to confront social problems • Settlement Houses • Provided services to urban poor (day care, English classes, etc.) • Hull House—Jane Addams

10. Awakening Reform • Families in Urban Society • Poverty and despair • Jacob Riis—How the Other Half Lives • Rights for Women • Majority of women did not work • “Pink collar” jobs • Feminism increased in urban areas • Urban reforms • Sewer systems, transportation, sanitation