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Urban Flooding and Mitigation Measures in India

Learn about the types of disasters, disaster risk, management cycle, prevention, mitigation, and preparedness for natural and man-made disasters in India. Explore key measures for disaster resilience and reduction efforts.

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Urban Flooding and Mitigation Measures in India

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  1. URBAN FLOODING AND MITIGATION MEASURES IN INDIA by Dr. Sima Ghosh Asst. Professor Dept. of Civil Engineering National Institute of Technology Agartala

  2. DISASTER Catastrophe, mishap, calamity in any area, arising from natural or man made causes, or by accident or negligence which result in substantial loss of life or human suffering or damage to, and destruction of, property, or damage to, or degradation of, environment, and is of such a nature or magnitude as to be beyond the coping capacity of the community of the effected area. As per Disaster Management Act, 2005 A serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society involving widespread human, material, economic or environmental losses and impacts, which exceeds the ability of the affected community or society to cope using its own resources.” As per UNISDR (2009)

  3. TYPE OF DISASTER 1. Natural 2. Man-made • Different type of Natural Disaster • Different type of Man-made Disaster • Earthquake • Floods and river erosion • Cyclone • Tsunamis • Droughts • Landslide • Forest fire • Volcanic Eruption • Chemical • Biological • Radiological and Nuclear • Security related disaster • Other man-made disaster

  4. Source NDMA, Govt of India DISASTER IN INDIA Source NDMA

  5. DISASTER IN INDIA Source NDMA

  6. NATURAL DISASTER IN INDIA • More than 58.6% of landmass prone to earthquake of moderate to very high intensity

  7. NATURAL DISASTER IN INDIA • Over 40 million hectares (12%) of land is prone to flood and river erosion.

  8. NATURAL DISASTER IN INDIA • Out of 7,516 kms long coastline, close to 5700 kms is prone (8%) to cyclone and tsunami

  9. NATURAL DISASTER IN INDIA • More than 3% of total land mass is prone land-slide which is mostly in hilly area

  10. DISASTER RISK IN INDIA Disaster risk is increasing due to • Demographics • Socio-economic condition • Unplanned urbanization • Development in high risk zone • Environmental Degradation • Climate Change • Geological Hazard • Epidemics • Pandemics

  11. DISASTER MANAGEMENT • Disaster Management means a continuous and integrated process of planning, organizing, coordinating and implementing measures. Necessity of Disaster Management • Prevention of danger or threat of any disaster • Mitigation or reduction of risk of any disaster • Capacity-building • Preparedness to deal with any disaster • Prompt response to any threatening disaster situation • Assessing the severity • Evacuation , rescue and relief • Rehabilitation and reconstruction Disaster Management Act, 2005

  12. DISASTER MANAGEMENT CYCLE

  13. DISASTER MANAGEMENT CYCLE 1. Response 2. Recovery 3. Prevention and Mitigation 4. Preparedness

  14. RESPONSE The response phase is an emergency to take typical measure. • Implementation of Plan based on Disaster • Search and Rescue • Fulfil the Basic Humanitarian Needs • Food • Shelter • Medical Assistance • Execution of Evacuation Plans • Survey and Assessment

  15. RECOVERY The main goal of this phase is to bring the disaster effected area back to normal as quickly as possible. • Reconstruction • Rehabilitation recommended to consider the location or construction material of the property

  16. PREVENTION AND MITIGATION • Prevention • It focuses on preventing the hazard, primarily from potential natural disasters or man-made disasters. Preventive measures are taken on both the domestic and international levels. • Preventing or reducing the impacts of disasters on our communities is a key focus for disaster management efforts. • Mitigation • Measures aimed at reducing the risk, impact or effects of a disaster or threatening disaster situation.

  17. PREVENTION & MITIGATION INCLUDES • Hazard mapping • Adoption and enforcement of land use and zoning practices • Implementing and enforcing building codes • Flood plain mapping • Reinforced tornado safe rooms • Burying of electrical cables to prevent ice build-up • Raising of homes in flood-prone areas • Disaster mitigation public awareness programs • Insurance programs

  18. PREPAREDNESS Preparedness focuses on preparing equipment and procedures to respond quickly and effectively for all the governments, organization, communities and individuals when there will be disaster. Some Preparedness measures are : • Valid, up-to-date counter-disaster plans • Special provisions for emergency action • The provisions of warning and forecasting systems • Local emergency communications and facility • Public education and awareness • Evacuation plans • Training programs, including exercises and drills

  19. VISION • Make India disaster resilient, achieve substantial disaster risk reduction, and significantly decrease the losses of life, livelihoods, and assets – economic, physical, social, cultural, and environmental – by maximizing the ability to cope with disasters at all levels of administration as well as among communities. As per National Disaster Management Plan, 2016

  20. MANAGEMENT INSTITUTE MECHANISM As per National Disaster Management Plan, 2016

  21. MANAGEMENT MECHANISM • Institutional Mechanism - • NDMA, SDMA, DDMA • NEC,SEC • NDRF • Financial Arrangements- • National Disaster Response Fund, State Disaster Response Fund and District Disaster Response Fund • National Disaster Mitigation Fund & similar such fund at state and district levels • Capacity Building Grant • Capacity Development- • NIDM • Other institutions: • Civil Defense • Fire Services • Home Guards

  22. NATIONAL RESPONSE IN INDIA

  23. Warning and Technical inputs

  24. SENDAI FRAMEWORK Promoted globally by the United Nations, for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030. The four priorities 1. Understanding disaster risk 2. Strengthening disaster risk governance to manage disaster risk 3. Investing in disaster risk reduction for resilience 4. Enhancing disaster preparedness for effective response and to “Build Back Better” in recovery, rehabilitation and reconstruction

  25. URBAN FLOODING Hyderabad floods in 2000 Ahmedabad floods in 2001 Delhi floods in 2002 & 2003 Kolkata floods in 2007 Surat in 2006, Jamshedpur in 2008, Delhi in 2009 and Guwahati and Delhi in 2010.

  26. URBAN FLOODING Mumbai floods in July 2005 National Disaster Management Guidelines was published by NDMA in the year 2010.

  27. RECENT URBAN FLOODING Srinagar floods in 2014 Chennai floods in 2015

  28. WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE IN URBAN FLOODING? • centers of economic activities • Urban area are densely populated and people living in vulnerable areas, both rich and poor, suffer due to flooding. • Urbanization leads to developed catchments which increases the flood peaks from 1.8 to 8 times and flood volumes by up to 6 times. • Flooding occurs very quickly due to faster flow times, sometimes in a matter of minutes. • Secondary effects of possible epidemics and exposure to infection takes further toll in terms of loss of livelihood, human suffering.

  29. FACTORS IN URBAN FLOODING AFPM document, GWP and WMO, 2008; $-human factors are added in the Indian Context.

  30. ISSUE OF URBAN FLOODING large scale encroachments on the natural drains and the river flood plains. Improper disposal of solid waste

  31. INPUT FROM SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY • Improved monitoring, modeling/forecasting and decision-support systems. • Improved monitoring, modeling/forecasting and decision-support systems. • A vulnerability-based geospatial framework to generate and analyse different scenarios. • National Hydro meteorological Network • Local networks for real- time rainfall data • Flood early warning system

  32. FLOOD EARLY WARNING SYSTEM Hydrological and Climate data in real time Remote Sensing of Thunderstorm Cells Flood Detection System QPE, QPF, RR and Surge Models Flood Forecast System Assessment of flood Hazard and Time Available Geographic Information System Flood Characterization and Flood Management Policy Flood Management Decision Support System Public Participation Flood Warning System Flood Response System

  33. Different level of Actions • Early Warning System and Communication ►National Hydro-meteorological Network ●Action: CWC, MoUD and States/UTs ► Local Networks for Real-Time Rainfall Data ●Action: MoUD, States/UTs, IMD, CWC and ULBs ►Doppler Weather Radars ● Action: IMD and MoUD

  34. ►Data Integration and Sharing ● Action: IMD, CWC, MoUD, States/UTs, and ULBs ►Building as underlying sensor web flow ● Action: DIT and SWAN ►Infrastructure and other Baseline Data ● Action: MoUD, NRSC, SRSACs and ULBs ►Operational Support ● Action: MoUD, NRSC, SRSACs and ULBs ►Measurement of Flood Levels ● Action: States/UTs and ULBs

  35. ►Decision Support System ● Action: States/UTs and ULBs ►Establishing Technical Umbrella for Urban Flood Forecasting and Warning (At the National Level) ● Action: NDMA, MoUD IMD, CWC and NRSC ►Establishing Technical Umbrella for Urban Flood Forecasting and Warning (At the State Level) ● Action: MoUD, States/UTs, SRSACs and ULBs

  36. Design and Management of Urban Drainage System ►National Status-Storm Drainage Design Manual ●Action: MoUD ► Stormwater Drainage System Inventory ●Action: MoUD, States/UTs and ULBs ►Catchment as basis for Design ● Action: MoUD, States/UTs and ULBs]

  37. ►Contour Data ●Action: MoUD, States/UTs and ULBs ► Thunderstorm Rainfall Intensity ●Action: States/UTs and ULBs ►Runoff Coefficient for Long Term Planning ● Action: MoUD, States/UTs and ULBs

  38. ►Operation and Maintenance ●Action: MoUD, States/UTs, ULBs ► Special Design Considerations ●Action: Ministry of Civil Aviation, States/UTs and ULBs ►City bridges ● Action: States/UTs and ULBs

  39. ►City road levels ●Action: States/UTs and ULBs ► Drain Inlet Connectivity ●Action: States/UTs and ULBs ►Rainwater Harvesting ● Action: States/UTs and ULB

  40. Urban Flood Disaster Risk Management ►Issues in Urban Flood Disaster Risk Management ●Action: MoUD and States/UTs ► Risk, Hazard Assessment and Mapping ●Action: CWC, NRSC and SRSAC ►Estimation of Possible Inundation levels ● Action: CWC, NRSC and SRSACs

  41. ►Estimation of Flood Damages ●Action: CWC, IMD, NRSC and SRSACs ► Ward level Risk Reduction and Vulnerability Assessment ●Actions: NRSC, SRSACs, States/ UTs and ULBs ►Insurance and Risk Transfer ● Action: States/UTs and ULBs

  42. Techno-Legal Regime ►Environmental Impact Assessment ●Action: MoEF, MoUD, States/UTs ► Urban Sprawl ●Action: MoUD, States/UTs ►MoUD will play a key role in coordinating the efforts of the states regarding the compliance with Techno-legal Regime by all the ULBs in their respective states. ● Action: MoUD, States/UTs and ULBs

  43. Response ►Adverse Impact of Urban Flooding ●Action: States/UTs ► City Disaster Management Plan ● Action: States/UTs and ULBs ► Incident Response System ● Action: ULBs

  44. Capacity Development, Awareness Generation and Documentation ►Urban Flood Education ●Action: MoUD, MHRD and States/UTs ►Institutional Capacity Development ●Action: MoUD, NIDM and States/UTs ► Community Capacity Development ● Action: MoUD and States/UTs

  45. ►Handling Societal Impacts of Urban Flooding ●Action: MoUD and States/UTs ►Awareness Generation at Institutional Level ●Action: NDRF, States/UTs and ULBs ► Role of Public Representatives ● Action: States/UTs and ULBs ► Role of Media ● Action: States/UTs and ULBs

  46. Conclusions Different Agencies work together for disaster management keeping in view the vision as follows: Make India disaster resilient, achieve substantial disaster risk reduction, and significantly decrease the losses of life, livelihoods, and assets – economic, physical, social, cultural, and environmental – by maximizing the ability to cope with disasters at all levels of administration as well as among communities.

  47. Thank You Welcome All of you to NIT Agartala, Tripura Contact: simacvl@gmail.com Mobile No: +91-9862472558

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