The Revised Roman Missal

1. TheRevised Roman Missal St. Francis deSales High School

2. The Roman Missal: A timeline • 1962-1965 Second Vatican Council • 1963 Constitution on the Sacred Liturgy (Sacrosanctum Concilium) approved by Council fathers • 1964 The International Commission of English in the Liturgy (ICEL) is formed by bishops of all English-speaking dioceses worldwide • 1970 First versions of English translations of the Mass appear

3. The Roman Missal: A timeline • 1973 More complete translations issued worldwide by ICEL • 1974Sacramentary for the U.S. Church approved for use in parishes • 1985Second Edition of the Sacramentary issued in the U.S. • 2000Third Edition of the Roman Missal approved by Rome

4. The Roman Missal: A timeline • 2001 Pope John Paul II issues the Instruction Liturgiam Authenticam(“The Authentic Liturgy”) which calls for translations from Latin to be done “in the most exact manner…without omissions or additions in terms of their content …and without paraphrases or glosses.” • 2002 The new General Instruction of the Roman Missal (GIRM) isissued

5. The Roman Missal: A timeline • 2003 New rules for how the ICEL operates (based on LA) are approved • 2004 Drafts of revised English Mass texts begun, reviewed and discussed • 2006 Revised English Order of Mass approved by English-speaking bishops • 2008Revised English Order of Mass confirmed by Congregation of Divine Worship & Discipline of the Sacraments (CDWDS) in Rome

6. The Roman Missal: A timeline • 2009Roman Missal approved by the U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops (USCCB), referred to CDWDS • 2010 Final version of Roman Missal approved by CDWDS (recognitio) • Roman Missal text released to official publishers for composition, design and printing • Parish-level catechesis and preparations began

7. The Roman Missal: A timeline • 2011Roman Missal texts from publishers reviewed and ultimately approved by ICEL • Texts became available for purchase by parishes and dioceses • November 27, 2011 (First Sunday of Advent) – Revised Roman Missal texts to begin standard parish use • All previous versions suppressed (taken out of use)

8. These changes are NOT… • an alteration of the order or structure of the individual elements of the Mass • an elimination or de-emphasis of the assembly’s full, active and conscious participationcalled for by the Church and Sacrosanctum Concilium, the Sacred Constitution on the Liturgy

9. These changes are NOT… • a re-assertion of the parts of the clergy or the liturgical ministers at the expense of the worshipping lay faithful in the Assembly • a return to the “old Latin Mass,” now known as the “Traditional Latin Mass” • A “turning back the clock” of progress and development of how we pray as a Church

10. What it really IS… • A revision of a vernacular (regional) translation done in the first years after Vatican II, as part of the reformed liturgy • A standardization of the Mass for all English-speaking communities worldwide • an adoption of a nuanced, more formal use of English…ultimately, for all our Sacraments

11. What it really IS… • A recovery of scriptural and traditional references that were somehow became “lost in translation” resulting from the Mass text first established in 1969 • A reversal of the trend of “diminution of language” as it exists in both sacred and secular uses of English (F.F. Campbell)

12. What are the changes? Revised GIRM (2000) • New revised translation • New Eucharistic Prayers • New Prayers for Lent • New Saints • New Votive Masses • New dismissals at Mass

13. New Dismissals • In addition to the traditional “Ite, missa est.” (Go forth, the Mass is ended.) • Added by Benedict XVI to emphasize the Church’s mission: • Go and announce the Gospel of the Lord. • Go in peace, glorifying the Lord by your life. • Go in peace.

14. New Prayers for Lent • A special Prayer over the People for each day of Lent • Ancient texts, simple and striking Example: Thursday, 2nd week of Lent: Stay with your servants, O Lord, who implore the help of your grace, that it may bring them the shelter and guidance of your protection. Through Christ our Lord.

15. Why? Translation is always an involved process, but there are many strong reasons. Some significant changes …

16. The vernacular in recent times: • Pre Vatican II: • 1949 Permission given to translate the Missal into Mandarin for China • 1957 Permission was given to use Hebrew in the Mass, in Israel only • Vatican II: • “But since the use of the mother tongue … frequently may be of great advantage to the people, the limits of its employment may be extended. This will apply in the first place to the readings and directives, and to some of the prayers and chants.” • Post-Vatican II: gradual extension to the entire Missal.

17. Process of translation • ICEL (11 Conferences of Bishops) • ICEL Secretariat • Base translator – a literal translation • Editorial Committee – “polished” • Commission - review • “Green book” • Bishops Conferences - comments • “Grey Book” • Bishops’ Conferences - vote • Congregation for Divine Worship • Vox Clara - consultation • Formal recognitio by the Congregation • “White Book” (final text)

18. Principles of Translation • To have a single English text for the entire Church, throughout the world • To have a rich, yet accessible, vocabulary • To be faithful to LA, in other words,a movement towards formal equivalence vs. dynamic equivalence • To retain the language of prayer • To echo the Scriptures and familiar sources • To be proclaimed well (oral qualities) • To be heard easily (aural qualities) • To retain gender-inclusive language where possible while addressing God in classic ways

19. Some Issues in Translation • English has become the new Latin in the global Church • Smaller language groups look to English, and not Latin, as a source text • The Church has permitted this, even using English in official commications. Why? • English as a native language: 309–400 millionEnglish as a second language: 199 million–1.4 billion • A greater onus now placed on English for theological accuracy and stability

20. Typical structures • Opening prayer or “Collect”: • Roman Collect form (you, who, do, through) • addresses God: “God of mercy” • speaks of what God has done: “who has …” • asks God to do something now: “pour out your grace” • that will lead to something eternal: “we may rejoice in your glory.” • Prayer over the Offerings (“Gifts”) • addresses God • accepts the gifts of the people • asks God to transform them and us in the Eucharist • Prayer after Communion • addresses God • reminds us of what we shared together • asks God to send us forth to live that out

21. English prayer forms: Anglican/Episcopalian Collect, 4th Sunday of Advent - • Lord, raise up, we pray thee, thy power, and come among us, and with great might succor us; that whereas, through our sins and wickedness we be sore let and hindered, thy bountiful grace and mercy, through the satisfaction of thy Son our Lord, may deliver us. • Based on the Book of Common Prayer (1549, 1662) • Reactions (1927, 1979*)

22. English prayer forms:Catholic Collect, 4th Sunday of Advent - • Exert, we beseech thee, O Lord, thy power, and come: and succour us by thy great might, that by the assistance of thy grace, thy indulgent mercy may hasten, what is delayed by our sins. • There were no official English translations before Vatican II • Certain devotional styles existed, even in “Missal” translations

23. The style of the 1969 Missal Friday, 1st Week of Advent • Father, we need your help. Free us from sin, and bring us to life. Support us by your power. • Prepared quickly (in three years) • Sought brevity • Intended for only five years

24. Excita, quaesumus, Dómine, poténtiam tuam, et veni, ut, ab imminéntibus peccatórum nostrórum perículis, te mereámur protegénte éripi, te liberánte salvári. Raise up, we ask you, Lord, your power, and come, that, from the threatening dangers of our sins we may be made worthy to be removed by your protecting, by your freeing, to be saved. A look at the Latin source:

25. Compare with 1969: • Father, we need your help. Free us from sin, and bring us to life. Support us by your power. • Very abbreviated • Almost every title of God is translated as “Father,” which Latin almostnever uses • Accents the “we” instead of God’s action • Omits strong expressions, like “Raise up your mighty power and come” • Loses the Advent seasonal context • Brief sentences miss the connections in the prayer: it is by God’s coming among us that we are protected and given salvation

26. New ICEL translation: Stir up your power, we pray, O Lord, and come, that with you to protect us, we may find rescue from the looming dangers of our sins, and with you to set us free, be found worthy of salvation. Through Christ our Lord.

27. Some differences: • Wider use of God’s titles • Single sentences • Connections • quaesumus (“we ask you”) • Richer language • Better scriptural, patristic and seasonal connotations • Better flow: “aural” quality • Respecting the structure

28. People’s parts … • And with your Spirit • Confiteor (I confess…) • Gloria • Creeds • Preface dialogue and Sanctus (Holy, Holy) • Lord, I am not worthy

29. Eucharistic Prayers • Completely re-translated • More acclamations to Christ • The Final Doxology… Through him, and with him, and in him, to you, O God, almighty Father, in the unity of the Holy Spirit, is all honor and glory, for ever and ever.

30. 1969 Father, calling to mind the death your Son endured for our salvation, his glorious resurrection and ascension into heaven, and ready to greet him when he comes again, we offer you in thanksgiving this holy and living sacrifice. Look with favor on your Church's offering, and see the Victim whose death has reconciled us to yourself. Grant that we, who are nourished by his body and blood, may be filled with his Holy Spirit, and become one body, one spirit in Christ. 2011 Therefore, O Lord, as we celebrate the memorial of the saving Passion of your Son, his wondrous Resurrection and Ascension into heaven, and as we look forward to his second coming, we offer you in thanksgiving this holy and living sacrifice. Look, we pray, upon the oblation of your Church and, recognizing the sacrificial Victim by whose death you willed to reconcile us to yourself, grant that we, who are nourished by the Body and Blood of your Son and filled with his Holy Spirit, may become one body, one spirit in Christ. Eucharistic Prayer III

31. A richer text (2nd Sunday of Easter / Divine Mercy)

32. Another example (4th Sunday of Lent)

33. ...And with your Spirit. • A response from the ancient tradition • Scriptural roots: “The Lord be with your spirit.” (2 Tim. 4.22; also Gal. 6.18, Phil. 4.23, Philemon 25) • Only languages currently not using “Spirit” are English and Portuguese (“He is with us.”) • French uses: “Et avec votre Esprit.” • Whatever the original intent of the phrase, the loss to the tradition would be great. • The exchange certainly continues to have the sense that what the priest has wished to the assembly, the assembly wishes back to the priest.

34. I confess (the Confiteor) • I confess to almighty God • and to you, my brothers and sisters, • that I have greatly sinned • in my thoughts and in my words, • in what I have done and in what I have failed to do, • through my fault, through my fault, • through my most grievous fault; • therefore I ask blessed Mary ever-Virgin, • all the Angels and Saints, • and you, my brothers and sisters, • to pray for me to the Lord our God. • May almighty God have mercy on us • and lead us, with our sins forgiven, • to eternal life.*

35. Glory to God • Glory to God in the highest, • and on earth peace to people of good will. • We praise you, • we bless you, • we adore you, • we glorify you, • we give you thanks for your great glory, • Lord God, heavenly King, • O God, almighty Father. • Lord Jesus Christ, Only Begotten Son, • Lord God, Lamb of God, Son of the Father, • you take away the sins of the world, • have mercy on us; • you take away the sins of the world, • receive our prayer; • you are seated at the right hand of the Father, • have mercy on us. • For you alone are the Holy One, • you alone are the Lord, • you alone are the Most High, Jesus Christ, • with the Holy Spirit, • in the glory of God the Father. Amen.

36. The Nicene Creed (1) • I believe in one God, • the Father almighty, • maker of heaven and earth, • of all things visible and invisible. • And in one Lord Jesus Christ, • the Only Begotten Son of God, • born of the Father before all ages. • God from God, Light from Light, • true God from true God, • begotten, not made, • consubstantial with the Father; • through Him all things were made. • For us men and for our salvation • he came down from heaven, • and by the Holy Spirit • was incarnate of the Virgin Mary, • and became man.

37. The Nicene Creed (2) • For our sake he was crucified under Pontius Pilate, • he suffered death and was buried, • and rose again on the third day • in accordance with the Scriptures. • He ascended into heaven and is seated • at the right hand of the Father. • He will come again in glory • to judge the living and the dead • and his kingdom will have no end.

38. The Nicene Creed (3) • And in the Holy Spirit, the Lord, the giver of life, • who proceeds from the Father and the Son, • who with the Father and the Son • is adored and glorified, • who has spoken through the prophets. • And one, holy, catholic • and apostolic Church. • I confess one baptism • for the forgiveness of sins • and I look forward to the resurrection • of the dead • and the life of the world to come. Amen.

39. The Apostles’ Creed • I believe in God, • the Father almighty, • Creator of heaven and earth, • and in Jesus Christ, his only Son, our Lord, • who was conceived by the Holy Spirit, • born of the Virgin Mary, • suffered under Pontius Pilate, • was crucified, died and was buried; • he descended into hell; • on the third day he rose again from the dead; • he ascended into heaven, • and is seated at the right hand of God the Father almighty; • from there he will come to judge the living and the dead. • I believe in the Holy Spirit, • the holy catholic Church, • the communion of saints, • the forgiveness of sins, • the resurrection of the body, • and life everlasting. Amen.

40. Preface dialogue & Holy, holy • No great changes here, but they are significant, and the will require new music for Holy, holy. • “It is right to give him thanks and praise.” becomes “It is right and just.” (Thankfully, this avoids the recent “inclusive language wars.”) • “God of power and might” is replaced with “Holy, holy, holy Lord God of hosts,” to retain the sense of • our joining the everlasting praise of the angels • our praise on earth being one with the praise of heaven.

41. Lamb of God and response • Behold the Lamb of God, behold him who takes away the sins of the world. Blessed are those called to the supper of the Lamb. • Lord, I am not worthy that you should enter under my roof, but only say the word and my soul shall be healed. • ...awkward, but more Scriptural.

42. Adaptations for the U.S.A • Local feasts... • Saints and beati • Independence Day, Thanksgiving, etc. • More introductions and acclamations • Lord’s Prayer • Act of Penitence • Eucharistic Prayer acclamations

43. Questions?