Human Anatomy-3

1. Human Anatomy-3 Basic Kinesiology. Muscular System

2. Muscular system – general info Thanks to the muscular system: • ...food moves through digestive tract • ...heart pumps out blood to deliver nutrients • ...lungs empty and fill to provide with oxygen • ... we can sit, stand, walk, speak, grasp objects.

3. Muscular system – general info ...is presented by 3 types of muscles: • skeletal muscles (in a number of about 660) – move skeleton, are under vountary control • heart muscle (myocard) – pumps out blood, structurally looks as skeletal, but works as smooth. • smooth muscles (countles amount) – located within & around internal organs, are under involuntary (autonomic) control

4. Muscular system - functions • Movement – move the bones of the skeleton • Posture– preserve requied body position • Support Soft Tissue – is related to the muscles of abdominal wall & pelvic flood • Guard Entrances and Exits – is related to swallowing, defecation & urination • Involuntary Bodily Processes – like heart contraction • Thermogenesis – 60% of heat during the rest and 90% of heat during physical activity is produce by muscles

5. Muscular system - characteristics • Excitability – The ability to respond to stimulation. • Contractility – The ability to shorten and produce a force (tension). • Extensibility – The ability to be elongated (stretched). • Elasticity – The ability to rebound to its original (normal) resting length after being stretched.

6. Skeletal muscles - terminology • Origin – proximal to the body gravity, usually stable, wide attachment of a muscle to a bone. • Insertion – distal to the body gravity, usually moveable thin attachment of a muscle to a bone. • Muscle Belly – the main body of the muscle. • Tendon – part of connective tissue, which inserts muscle to bone.

7. Skeletal muscles - terminology • Atrophy – a decrease in cross-sectional diameter of a muscle dueto lack of use. • Hypertrophy – an increase in cross-sectional diameter of a muscle due to execcive use. • Spasm – a sudden, involuntary contraction of a muscle.

8. Skeletal muscles - terminology • Fast-Twitch Muscle Fibers – found in skeletal muscles,which contract fast, but fatigue rapidly. Are lack in blood vessels, but rich in glycogen. Predominate in sprinters, wrestlers. • Slow-Twitch Muscle Fibers – found in skeletal muscles,which contract slowly, but fatigue late. Are rich in blood vessels but lack in glycogen. Predominate in marathon runners.

9. Skeletal muscles - terminology • Agonist (prime mover) – a muscle whose contraction is chiefly responsible for producing a particular movement. (For example – the biceps brachii is a prime mover that flexes the elbow.) • Synergist – muscle assisting the prime mover in performing an action. • Antagonist – a muscle whose actions oppose the desired motion. (For example – the triceps brachii is an antagonist of the biceps brachii since its primary motion is extension of the elbow.) • Stabilizers – muscles which help to stabilize a joint while the limb is moved. • Neutralizers – muscles, which prevent undesirable movement

10. Skeletal muscle –types of contraction • Static Contraction – Isometric • Dynamic Contraction - Isotonic • Concentric isotonic • Eccentric isotonic

11. Skeletal muscle –types of contraction • Static Contraction – Isometric • Does not result in any movement of the joint. • Often performed against a fixed resistance. • Isometric contractions are said to be static since a definite force is exerted with no actual movement of the muscle involved.

12. Skeletal muscle –types of contraction • Dynamic Contraction – Isotonic • Concentric isotonic • Positive work. • The muscle produces tension and is decreasing (shortening) in length. • Example: doing a biceps curl with a dumbbell. • Eccentric isotonic • Negative work • The muscle produces tension and is increasing in length. • Example: lowering a dumbbell (elbow extension).

13. Aging, Exercise, and the Muscular System • As the body ages, a general reduction in the size and power of all muscles occurs. • Skeletal muscle fibers become smaller in diameter causing a decrease in strength and endurance, and a tendency to fatigue rapidly. • Skeletal muscles become less elastic and therefore less flexible. Movement and circulation can be restricted.

14. Aging, Exercise, and the Muscular System • The tolerance for exercise decreases in part from the tendency for rapid fatigue and in part from a reduction in thermoregulatory ability which leads to overheating. • The ability to recover from muscular injuries decreases limiting repair capabilities and increasing the formation of scar tissue. • Extremely demanding exercise is not as important as regular exercise. In fact, extreme exercise in the elderly may lead to problems with tendons, bones, and joints. • Although it has obvious effects on the quality of life, there is no clear evidence that exercise prolongs life expectancy.