What is the difference between nonspecific and specific defense, and the role of lymphocytes in the immune response?

1. What is the difference between nonspecific and specific defense, and the role of lymphocytes in the immune response?

2. ????????? • The ability to resist infection and disease

3. Immunity • The ability to resist infection and disease

4. ?????????? Defenses • Lymphocytes: • part of the immune response • Identify, attack, and develop immunity: • to a specific pathogen

5. Specific Defenses • Lymphocytes: • part of the immune response • Identify, attack, and develop immunity: • to a specific pathogen

6. Nonspecific Defenses • Block or attack any potential infectious organism • Cannot distinguish one attack from another PLAY Immunity: Nonspecific Defenses

7. What are the major components of the lymphatic system and their functions?

8. 4 Parts of the Lymphatic System What are they?

9. 4 Parts of the Lymphatic System • Lymph: • a fluid similar to plasma • does not have plasma proteins • Lymphatic vessels(lymphatics): • network that carries lymph from peripheral tissues to the venous system

10. 4 Parts of the Lymphatic System • Lymphoid tissues and lymphoid organs: • found throughout the body • Lymphocytes, phagocytes, and other immune system cells

11. Organization of the Lymphatic System 3D Rotation of the Lymphatic System PLAY Figure 22–1

12. Lymphocyte Production • 3 places that lymphocytes are produced:

13. Lymphocyte Production • Lymphocytes are produced: • lymphoid organs (e.g., spleen, thymus) • and in red bone marrow • in lymphoid tissues (e.g., tonsils)

14. Lymphocyte Distribution • Lymphocytes: • detect problems • travel into site of injury or infection

15. ???????? • Are special lymphatic capillaries in small intestine • Transport lipids from digestive tract

16. Lacteals • Are special lymphatic capillaries in small intestine • Transport lipids from digestive tract

17. Lymphatic Vessels and Valves Figure 22–3

18. ?????????????? • Blockage of lymph drainage from a limb • Causes severe swelling • Interferes with immune system function

19. Lymphedema • Blockage of lymph drainage from a limb • Causes severe swelling • Interferes with immune system function

20. Why are lymphocytes important, and how are they distributed in the body?

21. Lymphocytes • Make up ????????????? % of circulating leukocytes • Most are stored, not circulating

22. Lymphocytes • Make up 20–30% of circulating leukocytes • Most are stored, not circulating

23. 3 Classes of Circulating Lymphocytes

24. 3 Classes of Circulating Lymphocytes • T cells: • thymus-dependent • Make up 80% of circulating lymphocytes • B cells: • bone–marrow derived • NK cells: • natural killer cells

25. 3 Main Types of T Cells

26. 3 Main Types of T Cells • Cytotoxic T cells • Helper T cells • Suppressor T cells

27. Cytotoxic T Cells • Attack cells infected by viruses • Produce cell-mediated immunity

28. Helper T Cells • Stimulate function of T cells and B cells

29. Suppressor T Cells • Inhibit function of T cells and B cells

30. “Regulatory T Cells” • Are helper and suppressor T cells • Control sensitivity of immune response

31. B Cells • Make up 10–15% of circulating lymphocytes • Differentiate into ??????????????? cells

32. B Cells • Make up 10–15% of circulating lymphocytes • Differentiate into plasma cells

33. Plasma Cells • Produce and secrete ????????????(immunoglobin proteins)

34. Plasma Cells • Produce and secrete antibodies(immunoglobin proteins)

35. ???????????? • Targets which identify any pathogen or foreign compound

36. Antigens • Targets which identify any pathogen or foreign compound

37. Natural Killer(NK)Cells • Also called large granular lymphocytes • Make up 5–10% of circulating lymphocytes

38. Natural Killer(NK)Cells • Responsible for immunological surveillance • Attack: • foreign cells • virus-infected cells • cancer cells

39. Production and Distribution of Lymphocytes Figure 22–5

40. Lymphoid Stem Cells • Group 1: • remain in bone marrow • produce B cells and natural killer cells

41. Lymphoid Stem Cells • Group 2: • migrate to thymus • produce T cells in environment isolated by blood-thymus barrier

42. T Cells and B Cells • Migrate throughout the body: • to defend peripheral tissues • Retain their ability to divide: • is essential to immune system function

43. What are the structures and functions of lymphoid tissues and organs?

44. Lymphoid Tissues • Connective tissues dominated by lymphocytes

45. Lymphoid Nodules Figure 22–6

46. Lymphoid Nodule • Areolar tissue with densely packed lymphocytes • Germinal center contains dividing lymphocytes

47. Distribution of Lymphoid Nodules • Lymph nodes • Spleen • Respiratory tract (tonsils) • Along digestive and urinary tracts

48. Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue(???????????????) • Lymphoid tissues associated with the digestive system: • aggregated lymphoid nodules: • clustered deep to intestinal epithelial lining • Appendix: • mass of fused lymphoid nodules

49. Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue(MALT) • Lymphoid tissues associated with the digestive system: • aggregated lymphoid nodules: • clustered deep to intestinal epithelial lining • Appendix: • mass of fused lymphoid nodules

50. The 5 ?????????? • In wall of pharynx: • left and right palatine ?? • pharyngeal ? (adenoid) • 2 lingual ??