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SPECIFIC DEFENSES: THE IMMUNE RESPONSE.

SPECIFIC DEFENSES: THE IMMUNE RESPONSE. Introduction: Innate Resistance. IMMUNITY: Genetic or Acquired; Active or Passive. NATURALLY ACQUIRED ACTIVE. ARTIFICIALLY ACQUIRED ACTIVE. NATURALLY ACQUIRED PASSIVE. ARTIFICIALLY ACQUIRED PASSIVE. NATURALLY ACQUIRED ACTIVE IMMUNITY.

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SPECIFIC DEFENSES: THE IMMUNE RESPONSE.

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  1. SPECIFIC DEFENSES: THE IMMUNE RESPONSE. Introduction: Innate Resistance.

  2. IMMUNITY: Genetic or Acquired; Active or Passive. • NATURALLY ACQUIRED ACTIVE. • ARTIFICIALLY ACQUIRED ACTIVE. • NATURALLY ACQUIRED PASSIVE. • ARTIFICIALLY ACQUIRED PASSIVE.

  3. NATURALLY ACQUIRED ACTIVE IMMUNITY • Person contracts disease; manufactures antibodies. • Immunity is long-term. • E.G. Measles and Chicken pox.

  4. ARTIFICIALLY ACQUIRED ACTIVE IMMUNITY. • Person is vaccinated. • Produces own antibodies. • Immunity lasts for months or years. • E.G. Polio, Pertussis.

  5. NATURALLY ACQUIRED PASSIVE IMMUNITY. • Mother’s antibodies pass to infant(Colostrum). • Transplacental transfer. • Short-term or temporary.

  6. ARTIFICIALLY ACQUIRED PASSIVE IMMUNITY. • Immune serums containing antibodies are injected. • Immunity is immediate, but short-term. • Antiserum. • Serology.

  7. TYPES OF ACQUIRED IMMUNITY: SUMMARY.

  8. IMMUNE SYSTEM: 3RD LINE OF DEFENSE. • HUMORAL(ANTIBODY-MEDIATED). • CELL-MEDIATED.

  9. LYMPHOCYTES:B. • React and recognize small organisms- bacteria and viruses. • Produce antibodies. • Produced in the bone marrow and matures in the bone marrow, and reside in the lymphoid organs, blood, and connective tissue. • Constitute the humoral immunity.

  10. LYMPHOCYTES: T. • React to body cells gone bad(cancers, infected cells, fungi, parasites, transplants). • Made in the bone marrow, but matures in the thymus. • After maturation, migrate to lymph nodes, spleen, and liver.

  11. ANTIGENS. • Either proteins or large polysaccharides. • Often components of invading microbes e.g capsules, fimbriae, cell walls, toxins, viral coats, pollen, egg white, blood cell surface molecules etc, transplanted tissues and organs. • Stimulate the production and maturation of 2 types of lymphocytes(T and B).

  12. ANTIGENIC DETERMINANTS OR EPITOPES. • Regions on the bacterial cell wall (antigen), antibodies recognize and interact with. • Nature of interaction depends on size, shape, and chemical nature of the epitope.

  13. HAPTENS: E.G PENICILLIN. • Molecules too small to stimulate antibody formation on their own. • But when combined with a larger carrier molecule(serum) fonction as antigen and stimulate response

  14. HUMORAL(ANTIBODY)-MEDIATED IMMUNITY. • Involves production of antibodies. • B cells are key players. • Defends primarily against microbes circulating freely in the body’s fluids.

  15. ANTIBODIES: STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION. • Proteins made in response

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