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DRUG USE IN SPORTS

DRUG USE IN SPORTS. Jama Abdukayumov & Carlo Cabahug. Ben Johnson (Sprinter). Ben Johnson. Canadian Sprinter Won 100m race at Olympic Games in 1988 in Seoul Smashed the world record – 9.79 seconds Was tested positive for steroid stanozolol Was disqualified The record was rescinded.

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DRUG USE IN SPORTS

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  1. DRUG USE IN SPORTS Jama Abdukayumov & Carlo Cabahug

  2. Ben Johnson (Sprinter)

  3. Ben Johnson • Canadian Sprinter • Won 100m race at Olympic Games in 1988 in Seoul • Smashed the world record – 9.79 seconds • Was tested positive for steroid stanozolol • Was disqualified • The record was rescinded

  4. Types Of Drugs • Performance enhancing drugs (e.g. anabolic steroids, human growth hormones and stimulants) • Recreational drugs (e.g. alcohol, cocaine, tobacco and marijuana)

  5. Reasons To Take Drugs • Physical: enhance the performance • Psychological: enhance self confidence • Social: pressure from the coach and parents to perform. Social pressure from peers and need to gain acceptance in the team

  6. Anshel (1991) • According to Anshel (1991) the primary reason for using drugs are: • The need to be competitive, increase strength and control weight • The need to reduce pain, relax, cope with stress and overcome boredom

  7. Waidler and Hainline (1989) • According to Waidler and Hainline (1989) there are five possible categories of athletes who use drugs: • Athletes at risk of not reaching the desire level of performance • Athletes approaching the end of their career who want to maintain their level of performance • Athletes with weight problems (either desire to increase the weight) • Injured athletes who try to recover faster • Athletes who feel external pressure (from coaches, teammates or parents) or who believe that performance-enhancing drugs are widely used so they have to use them as well to be competitive

  8. Theories • Achievement Goal Theory • Social Identity Theory • Self-efficacy Theory

  9. Achievement Goal Theory (Nicholls, 1989) • There are two different motivations that account for how people interpret what success in sport means. • Task orientation (who pursue mastery) • Ego orientation (who focus on their performance in comparison to others).

  10. Social Identity Theory • Tajfel (1978), and Tajfel and Turner (1986) suggest that membership in a group provides people with positive self-image that gives them a sense of belonging in the social world. • The more favorable the social comparisons made with other groups, the higher the members’ self-esteem will be.

  11. Social Identity Theory • In his book Johnson’s coach said that all his athletes took steroids ⇨ Johnson did not want to be different from his teammates or other athletes • Maybe it was normal for athletes to take steroids in late 1980’s

  12. Self-efficacy Theory(Bandura,1977) • Ben Johnson did not believe that he can win the gold medal • Therefore, he turned to external factors (drugs use)

  13. Self-efficacy TheoryBandura and Banfield (1991) • Athletes believe that effort made difference were more likely to develop self-efficacy than athletes who believed in innate ability • Having necessary skills, being able to set realistic goal and being physically and psychologically ready are important factors • Ben Johnson did not have that, thus he turned to external factors (drug use)

  14. Johnson began racing again in1991, but never regained the form that had made him the fastest man in the world. • In the 1992 Barcelona Olympics he did not even make the final of the 100m. • In 1993 he tested positive again for steroids

  15. Franke and Berendonk (1997) • Franke and Berendonk (1997) found the biological and psychological effect of the drugs

  16. Possible Biological Effects

  17. Biological Effects • According to Johnson’s coach steroids made Johnson’s muscles “feel tight”.

  18. Possible Psychological Effects

  19. Psychological Effects Sharp and Collins (1998)

  20. Triangulation • Canada's Prime Minister, Brian Mulroney, said it was the correct decision, but a tragedy for Johnson and a great sadness for all Canadians. • The athlete's sister, Clare Rodney, told reporters she was convinced the drug testers had made a mistake. • The Canadian media has labeled Johnson a cheat, but there was also sympathy for the man who said he valued a gold medal over a world record because no one could take it away from him. • Britain's Linford Christie (who was awarded the silver medal after Johnson's disqualification) said he felt sorry for someone who had been a "great ambassador" for the sport.

  21. References • Crane, J., & Hannibal , J. (2009). Sports psychology: Emotion and motivation. Oxford: Oxford University Press. • BBC News. BBC, 27 Sept. 1988. Web. 22 Nov. 2012.  • Montague, James. "Hero or Villain? Ben Johnson and the Dirtiest Race in History - CNN.com." CNN. Cable News Network, 23 July 2012. Web. 22 Nov. 2012. • Pearson, Packet 9.1 Sport Psychology: Arousal and anxiety and their influence on performance in sport.

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