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Comparative Assessment of Human Missions to Mars

Comparative Assessment of Human Missions to Mars. Damon F. Landau. Ph. D. Preliminary Exam September 13 , 2005. How Shall We Go to Mars?. Mission Architectures Technology Options. Key Technologies. Transportation Scenarios. Earth-Mars Trajectories.

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Comparative Assessment of Human Missions to Mars

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  1. Comparative Assessment of Human Missions to Mars Damon F. Landau Ph. D. Preliminary Exam September 13 , 2005

  2. How Shall We Go to Mars? • Mission Architectures • Technology Options Damon Landau

  3. Key Technologies Damon Landau

  4. Transportation Scenarios Damon Landau

  5. Earth-Mars Trajectories • Launch years 2009–2022 (seven opportunities). • Transfer TOF 120–270 days. • Approx. 550-day Mars stay time. • Minimize DV for entire mission (Transfer Vehicle + “Taxi” launch). taxi taxi transfer vehicle Damon Landau

  6. Constrained Optimization Problem Sequential Quadratic Programming (SQP) algorithm Damon Landau

  7. Direct Trajectories Damon Landau

  8. Free-Return Trajectory E1-E3 near 3:2 Earth:spacecraft resonance Damon Landau

  9. Earth-Mars Semi-Cyclers*E-M-M-E E1-E3 near 3:2 resonance, E3-E4 1:1 resonance, E4-E6 near 3:2 resonance M2-M3 near 3:4 resonance *Landau, D. F., and Longuski, J. M., “Mars Exploration via Earth-Mars Semi-Cyclers,” AAS Paper 05-269, Lake Tahoe, CA, August 7–11, 2005. Damon Landau

  10. Mars-Earth Semi-CyclersM-E-E-M E2-E3 near 2:1 resonance E2-E3 near 2:3 resonance E2-E4 1.5 year transfer Damon Landau

  11. Cycler Trajectory*E-M-E Outbound cycler trajectory with E1-E3 near 3:2 resonance and E3-E4 near 1.5 year transfer. *McConaghy, T. T., Yam, C. H., Landau, D. F., and Longuski, J. M., “Two-Synodic-Period Earth-Mars Cyclers with Intermediate Earth Encounter,” AAS Paper 03-509, AAS/AIAA Astrodynamics Specialist Conference, Big Sky, MT, August 4–7, 2003. To appear in the Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets. Damon Landau

  12. Minimum DV* Powered Capture Aero-Assisted Capture *Landau, D. F. and Longuski, J. M., “A Reassessment of Trajectory Options for Human Missions to Mars,” AIAA Paper 2004-5095, AIAA/AAS Astrodynamics Specialist Conference, Providence, RI, August 16–19, 2004. Damon Landau

  13. Low-Thrust • payload = 50 mt • launch V∞=0 • arrival V∞=0 • a/h = mhardware/Pjet =10 kg/kW • ft = mtank/mpropellant = 5% • a0 & c optimized for minimum m0 Initial Mass, mt TOF, days Damon Landau

  14. The Parking-Orbit Problem Case 1: Perfect Orientation Case 2: Imperfect Orientation Damon Landau

  15. A (hyperbolic half-angle) f Departure orbit (out of plane of page) Arrival orbit (in plane of page) Twist angle, f A Parking-Orbit Solution* *Landau, D. F., Longuski, J. M., and Penzo, P. A., “Method for Parking-Orbit Reorientation for Human Missions to Mars,” Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets, Vol. 42, No. 3, May-June 2005, pp. 517–522. Damon Landau

  16. E M Mars Parking Orbit300 km periapsis 1 day periodJ2 and solar perturbations M-E Semi-Cycler Damon Landau

  17. Proposed Research • Hyperbolic Rendezvous • Ranking of Architectures and Technologies Damon Landau

  18. Hyperbolic Rendezvous cycler M4 taxi M2 E1-M2 170 days E3 flyby E5 E1 E3 gravity assist from Mars Damon Landau

  19. Hyperbolic Rendezvous (con’d) r = 477,000 km one-day transfer cycler frame lunar orbit one hour before rendezvous DV = 284 m/s Earth taxi V∞=5 km/s cycler V∞=5 km/s • Goal is to develop a rendezvous guidance algorithm in Hill-Clohessy-Wiltshire frame. • Very little previous work on hyperbolic rendezvous. DV from LEO = 4.30 km/s Damon Landau

  20. Ranking of Architectures and TechnologiesIMLEO Calculation • Taxi = 1–3 mt/person • TV = 3–10 mt/person • Cargo = 0–10 mt/person • Consumables = 5 kg/day/person • Rank technologies. • Rank mission architectures. • Determine good and bad combinations. • Seek best path from early exploration to settlement. Damon Landau

  21. Propellant Metric* Trajectory Complexity Technology Complexity H=H2, M=CH4, N=NTR, L=Low-Thrust, A=Aerocapture, I=ISPP, TE=Tanker to Earth, W = Mars Water aPropellant mass per ton landed on Mars’ surface *Landau, D. F., and Longuski, J. M., “Comparative Assessment of Human Missions to Mars,” AAS Paper 03-513, AAS/AIAA Astrodynamics Specialist Conference, Big Sky, MT, August 4–7, 2003. Damon Landau

  22. Journal and Conference Papers Journal Papers • Landau, D. F., Longuski, J. M., and Penzo, P. A., “Method for Parking-Orbit Reorientation for Human Missions to Mars,” Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets, Vol. 42, No. 3, May-June 2005, pp. 517–522. • Chen, K. J., McConaghy, T. T., Landau, D. F., Longuski, J. M., and Aldrin, B., “Powered Earth-Mars Cycler with Three Synodic-Period Repeat Time.” To appear in the Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets. • McConaghy, T. T., Landau, D. F., Yam, C. H., and Longuski, J. M., “A Notable Two-Synodic-Period Earth-Mars Cycler.” To appear in the Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets. Conference Papers • Chen, K. J., Landau, D. F., McConaghy, T. T., Longuski, J. M., and Aldrin, B., “Preliminary Analysis and Design of Powered Earth-Mars Cycling Trajectories,” AIAA Paper 2002-4422, AIAA/AAS Astrodynamics Conference, Monterey, CA, August 2-5 2002. • Chen, K. J., McConaghy, T. T., Landau, D. F., and Longuski, J. M., “A Powered Earth-Mars Cycler with Three Synodic-Period Repeat Time,” AAS Paper 03-510, AAS/AIAA Astrodynamics Specialist Conference, Big Sky, MT, August 4–7, 2003. • McConaghy, T. T., Yam, C. H., Landau, D. F., and Longuski, J. M., “Two-Synodic-Period Earth-Mars Cyclers with Intermediate Earth Encounter,” AAS Paper 03-509, AAS/AIAA Astrodynamics Specialist Conference, Big Sky, MT, August 4–7, 2003. • Landau, D. F., and Longuski, J. M., “Comparative Assessment of Human Missions to Mars,” AAS Paper 03-513, AAS/AIAA Astrodynamics Specialist Conference, Big Sky, MT, August 4–7, 2003. • Landau, D. F., Longuski, J. M., and Penzo, P. A., “Parking Orbits for Human Mission to Mars,” AAS Paper 03-514, AAS/AIAA Astrodynamics Specialist Conference, Big Sky, MT, August 4–7, 2003. • Landau, D. F. and Longuski, J. M., “A Reassessment of Trajectory Options for Human Missions to Mars,” AIAA Paper 2004-5095, AIAA/AAS Astrodynamics Specialist Conference, Providence, RI, August 16–19, 2004. • Landau, D. F., and Longuski, J. M., “Mars Exploration via Earth-Mars Semi-Cyclers,” AAS Paper 05-269, Lake Tahoe, CA, August 7–11, 2005. • Okutsu, M., Landau, D. F., and Longuski, J. M., “Low-Thrust Round-Trip Trajectories to Mars with One-Synodic-Period Repeat Time,” AAS Paper 05-395, Lake Tahoe, CA, August 7–11, 2005. Damon Landau

  23. Primer Vector |P| Sub-optimal cycler trajectory |P| Damon Landau

  24. Propulsion Systems Damon Landau

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