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Chapter 3

Chapter 3. Expansion and Diversity: Growth of Colonial America. Colonial Economy. Middle Colonies Agriculture dominant Small farms/ commercial farms Produce crops Modest in scope Small-scale industry Vibrant merchant class in urban areas New York, Philly

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Chapter 3

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  1. Chapter 3 Expansion and Diversity: Growth of Colonial America

  2. Colonial Economy • Middle Colonies • Agriculture dominant • Small farms/ commercial farms • Produce crops • Modest in scope • Small-scale industry • Vibrant merchant class in urban areas • New York, Philly • NOT compatible with mercantilist policies • Southern Colonies • Plantations dominant • Cash crops for export • Tobacco (Chesapeake) • Rice, Indigo (Carolinas) • Economy compatible with mercantilist policies • New England • Subsistence • Agriculture, Fishing • Exports • Wood, Shipping/building • Vibrant merchant class • Economy NOT compatible with mercantilist policies

  3. Colonial Economy • Developing a source of labor • Impact of easy availability of lands • Limits number of immigrants in labor force • Makes hiring workers difficult • Rice, sugar plantations • Indentured servants • Slaves • Slavery legal in 1700 • Most colonies • Expanding Population • 1,200,000 by 1750 • Creation of markets within colonies • Stimulates urban pop. • From both natural expansion and immigration • Growth in South from slave imports • Colonial Commerce • Coastal trade • Trade with West Indies • Rum, grains, fish • Trade with England • Raw materials in exchange for material goods • Slave trade profitable commerce

  4. Slavery • Three stages: • 1619 - 1640 • 1st Africans arrive, Dutch ship • More like Indentured servants • 1640-1660 • Growing numbers • 1660 • Official recognition of slavery • MD 1661- slavery a racial status, (VA 1670) • 1705: Black Codes • Replacement of Indentured Servants • Racism • Desire to avoid class conflict • Fall off of white immigration • Trans-Atlantic slave trade • 1680s • Heavy influx of slaves

  5. Africans in the Colonies • “Peculiar Institution” • Self-renewing labor source • Escape difficult • Belief of inferiority • Lack of opposition • 1750 • Slavery legal in all colonies • Distribution varies • Largest in north = New York (14%) • Largest in south = S.C. (61%) • By 1775, 80% US born • Great Awakening • Stimulates Christianization • Enlightenment • Rethinking of legitimacy of slavery • Need for cheap labor • Especially in South • European Immigrants • Lots of opportunities for land ownership • Will not work on plantations • Natives • Prone to disease • Can escape too easily • First arrivals, 1619 • Virginia • Treated as indentured servants • As numbers increase so does anxiety • Break-up of Royal African Company’s monopoly • Slaves easy to obtain • Profits high

  6. Colonial Society • Children • More valued than in Europe • Major role in household economy • Treatment more human than in Europe • Standard of Living • Health, diet, etc. better than in Europe • Class structure evolving • Status based on wealth • Class lines more fluid than in England • Families • Patriarchal • Early marriages • Many children • Men • Head of family • Property owner • In charge of “outside” affairs • Church, politics, law • Women • Few legal rights • Essential to “well-being” of family • In charge of “inside” affairs • Child-rearing, food preparation, clothing, etc. • “underground economy” • Textile production, dressmaking, midwifery

  7. Creating an American Identity • Impact of Enlightenment • Acceptance of the concepts of natural law/ rights • Interest in science • Americanization of Glorious Revolution/English Bill of Rights • Validation of self-government • Powers of government are limited • Free expression of Ideas • Institutionalizing of chattel slavery in all thirteen colonies • Puritan Impact • America as an “ideal” • “City upon a hill” • Education • Colleges • Harvard, 1636 • Boston Latin School • 1642 Mass. School of Law • “Puritan ethic” • Intolerance/ witch trials • Religious Diversity / evolving toleration • Declining Puritan piety • Legislation allowing degrees of toleration • Great Awakening

  8. Orthodox Issues • Theological differences • Set of orthodox practices an issue • Education • Means to establish Orthodoxy • Conversion required familiarity with Bible • Needed to be literate • Teachers/ Grammar schools • 1st steps towards public education • Trained ministers • Harvard College 1636 • Government • Church must be free of state control • Massachusetts had a state-sponsored church • “meeting-house”

  9. Dissenters • Roger Williams • Arrived 1631 • Argued civil government should be separated from religion • Didn’t want government to corrupt the church • Opposed compulsory church service • Banished in 1635 • Purchased land from Narragansett Indians • Rhode Island • Only New England Colony to practice religious toleration

  10. Dissenters cont. • Anne Hutchinson • Accused ministers of following catholic beliefs • People being scrutinized too much • Conversion experience • Undermined authority • A double threat being a woman • 1636 Colony split into two groups • supporters • Boston Merchants • Young men against “Elders” • Some women • Critics • John Winthrop • Trial for Heresy 1637 • Knowledge of Bible better than prosecutors • Guilty , she claimed to converted through a direct revelation from God • Banished

  11. The “Saints” • Powers • Control of each congregation in the hands of the “Saints” • Who’s a Saint? • Male • “saved” • Had to stand before congregation and give account of conversion • Elected Ministers and Board of elders by majority votes • Political suffrage

  12. 1st Generation • Families • “little commonwealth” • Obeyed male “head of family” • Matrimony a contract • Married by courts • Divorce only in extreme cases • Longer life expectancy • No cash, relied on labor of families • Attempted to keep towns small and close • Characteristics of town • Reciprocity • Spying on each other • Women’s roles • Social force

  13. Half-way Convenant • Compromise • 3rd would remain un-baptized if 2nd didn’t become “Saints” • 1662 • Half-Way Covenant • Would permit the children of baptized adults, including non-saints, to receive baptism • Could not take communion or vote in church affairs • As New England diversified, new challenges arose • Civil war in England • 1642 • Crisis in Church Membership • 1st generation vs. 2nd • 1st believed they had accepted a covenant with God • 2nd not joining church • Reluctant of conversion experience

  14. Salem, Massachusetts • Witchcraft not new • Targeted powerful women • Most accusations never went to trial • Salem different • Panic • 1692- two prominent women and former minister accused • Trial • Panic ruled trial • Accused belonged to wealthier families • Mainly females 1692- trials suspended 1693- end of the Terror • Puritan's anxieties heightened • Salem 2nd largest port • Trade prospered • Destroyed the relatively equal society • Worse in Salem Village • East section farmers more prosperous • 1691 • Girls / Tituba • Claimed they were possessed

  15. Interaction with Native Americans • Indian Wars/ Impact • Pequot War, 1637 • Defeat of natives • Bacon’s Rebellion, 1676 • Open of Indian lands • King Philip’s War, 1675 • Wampanoag's • Allied with Nipmuch/Narragansetts • Feared loss of native culture • Halt colonial expansion • Colonial losses heavy • 10% of male population • Colonial victory, 1676 • Power of Natives in NE broken • Scot-Irish and Penn • Exploitation • English and French use allies in wars for empire • Disease leads to decline in population • “Savages” • Christianization • Land ownership • No understanding of Indian culture • Treaties broken • Specifically land treaties

  16. Pequot War, 1637 • Little resistance from Natives compared to VA • Numbers drastically reduced/ disease • Massachusetts and Pawtucket Indians forced to sell land • Religion prohibited, forced into praying-towns • Rapid Settlement • 1633- settlers in Conn. River Valley • 1635 official colony of Conn. • Friction • With Pequot Indians over fur and wampum trade • Military action 1637 • Ruthless campaign • Massacre at Mystic • Resistance crushed by end of year

  17. Bacon’s Rebellion • 1675-76 • VA Gov William Berkley • Falling tobacco prices • Social hierarchy • Landowners falling into poverty • Laborer and freedmen in despair • Gov. Berkley’s inner-circle • Attack Indians • Want more land from natives • Violence on border increased • Bacon’s Expedition • Found only peaceful Indians • Massacred anyways • All out war • Berkley changes mind • Rioters burn Jamestown • Highlights two problems: • Class differences • Colonial resistance to royal control

  18. Struggle for North America • New Mexico: Pueblo Revolt • Spanish expansion after 1625 • Treatment of Natives • Seek control through subordinating Pueblo Indians • Missionaries • Encomiendas • Drove wedge between tribes • Few revolts • 1660s • Drought • Epidemic • Rejected Christianity • 1675 • Conflict • Pueblo Revolt 1680 • Siege of Santa Fe (12 year) • j • Beginnings of English/ French conflict • France resumes and extends colonization • Successful trade established • Success of Catholic missionaries • Mercantilism • King Louis 14th • Placed colony under royal direction • Encouraged immigration • Iroquois • “beaver wars” hindered trade • 1666 “peace” • Expansion to the South • France wants to dominate continent

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