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Morphology of Voice

Morphology of Voice. Brackenbury 1982 and Gill 2005. Syrinx. Gill 2005. Syrinx of Suboscine and Oscine. Gill 2005 and Wallace and Mahan 1975. Complex Neural Circuits Involved in Song Learning. (Butler and Cotterill 2006). NOT IN SUBOSCINES (Beecher and Brenowitz 2005).

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Morphology of Voice

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  1. Morphology of Voice Brackenbury 1982 and Gill 2005

  2. Syrinx Gill 2005

  3. Syrinx of Suboscine and Oscine Gill 2005 and Wallace and Mahan 1975

  4. Complex Neural Circuits Involved in Song Learning (Butler and Cotterill 2006) NOT IN SUBOSCINES (Beecher and Brenowitz 2005) (Reiner et al. 2005)

  5. Learning Calls • Songbirds, parrots, hummingbirds, cetacians, bats, and humans learn vocalizations • Avian forebrain has song learning centers (previous slide) • Midbrain may be center of call production (in all birds) • Centers of fear and arousal (nucleus mesencephali lateralis pars dorsalis) may be coordinated with centers of call production (nucleus intercollicularis) Kaplan 2008

  6. Australian Magpie Alarm Calls Complexity of alarm calls in a songbird suggests that learning is involved and forebrain learning centers are recruited, so that the function of various calls can be learned Alarm calls in other non-songbirds may be simple product of midbrain stimulation (no thinking needed)

  7. Imitation and Deceit Fork-tailed Drongo in Africa 51 alarm calls of OTHER species, including birds and mammals Use them to steal food from those species—23% of diet obtained in this way Overcome problem of crying wolf by varying calls Flower et al. 2014. Science 344:513-516.

  8. Song repertoire crystallizes Float or semi-territorial subsong plastic song (better) Song Sparrow development and learning Song Learning Disperse Hatch Float Territorial Early Late Summer Fall Winter Spring Spring

  9. Copying and Innovation Beecher and Brenowitz 2005

  10. Song sparrow Diversity of song learning programs/strategies in songbirds Beecher & Brenowitz TREE 2005

  11. Marler and Peters 1982

  12. Duetting Farabaugh 1982

  13. Individual Recognition Marzluff 1988

  14. Motivation of Caller Morton 1982

  15. Full Circle • Birds sing differently in urban environments • Louder, higher pitched, shorter duration • Possible effects • Cost more to sing loud and high • High pitch doesn’t carry as far • Females or intruders may not respond • Higher pitch suggests less motivation to fight (as per ms rules on earlier slide) (Slabbekoorn et al. 2007; Patricelli and Blickley 2006)

  16. Literature Cited • Beecher, M. D. and E. A. Brenowitz. 2005. Functional aspects of song learning in songbirds. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 20:143-149. • Brackenbury, J. H. 1982. The structural basis of voice production and its relationship to sound characteristics. Pp 53-74 in: Kroodsma, D. E. and E. H. Miller, eds. Acoustic communication in birds, Vol 1. Academic Press.New York. • Farabaugh, S. M. 1982. The ecological and social significance of duetting. Pp 85-124 in: Kroodsma, D. E. and E. H. Miller, eds. Acoustic communication in birds, Vol 2. Academic Press.New York. • Hansen, A. J., R. L. Knight, J. M. Marzluff, S.Powell, K. Brown, P. Hernandez, and K. Jones. 2005. Effects of exurban development on biodiversity: patterns, mechanisms, research needs. Ecological Applications. 15: 1893-1905. • Kaplan, G. 2008. Alarm calls and referntiality in Australian magpies: between midbrain and forebrain, can a case be made for complex cognition? Brain Research Bulletin 76:253-263. • Marler, P. R. and S. Peters. 1982. Subsong and plastic song: their role in the vocal learning process. Pp 25-50 in: Kroodsma, D. E. and E. H. Miller, eds. Acoustic communication in birds, Vol 2. Academic Press.New York. • Marzluff, J. M. 1988. Vocal recognition of mates by breeding pinyon jays. Animal Behaviour 36:296-298. • Marzluff, J.M. 2005. Island biogeography for an urbanizing world: how extinction and colonization may determine biological diversity in human-dominated landscapes. Urban Ecosystems 8: 155-175. • Morton, E. S. 1982. Grading, discreteness, redundancy, and motivation-structural rules. Pp 183-213 in: Kroodsma, D. E. and E. H. Miller, eds. Acoustic communication in birds, Vol 1. Academic Press.New York. • Patricelli, G. L. and J. L Bickley. 2006. Avian communication in urban noise: causes and consequences of vocal adjustment. Auk 123:639-649. • Slabbekoorn, H. Yeh, P., and K .Hunt. 2007. Sound transmission and song divergence: a comparison of urban and forest acoustics. Condor 109:67-78. • Wallace, G. J. and H. D. Mahan. 1975. An introduction to ornithology, 3rd edition. Macmillan Publishing Co. New York.

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