Principles of Natural Selection: Evolutionary Evidence and Examples

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5. Image Bank Evolution of the Camel

6. Image Bank Darwin’s Voyage Map

7. Image Bank Principles of Natural Selection

8. Image Bank Albino Snake

9. Image Bank Stick Bug

10. Image Bank Mexico Leopard Frog

11. Image Bank Canada Leopard Frog

12. Image Bank Hypothesized Bear Evolution

13. Image Bank Penicillin Culture in Petri Dish

14. Image Bank Fish Fossil

15. Image Bank Limestone Fossil

16. Image Bank Age by Fossil and Rock Layers

17. Image Bank Fossil

18. Image Bank Embryo Evidence

19. Image Bank Homologous Body Parts

20. Image Bank Chimpanzees

21. Image Bank Gorilla

22. Image Bank Orangutans

23. Image Bank Lemur

24. Image Bank Gorilla Showing Opposable Thumb

25. Image Bank East Africa

26. Image Bank Cro-Magnon

27. Image Bank Neanderthal vs. Cro-Magnon Skull

28. Image Bank Cave Painting

29. Foldables Principles of Natural Selection Make the following Foldable to help you understand the process of natural selection.

30. Foldables Fold a sheet of paper in half lengthwise.

31. Foldables Fold paper down 2.5 cm from the top. (Hint: From the tip of your index finger to your middle knuckle is about 2.5 cm.

32. Foldables Open and draw lines along the 2.5-cm fold and the center fold. Label as shown.

33. Foldables Summarize in a Table As you read, list the five principles of natural selection in the left-hand column. In the right-hand column, briefly write an example for each principle.

34. Reviewing Main Ideas 1 Ideas About Evolution • Evolution is one of the central ideas of biology. It explains how living things have changed in the past and is a basis for predicting how they might change in the future. • Charles Darwin developed the theory of evolution by natural selection to explain how evolutionary changes account for the diversity of organisms on Earth.

35. Reviewing Main Ideas 1 Ideas About Evolution • Natural selection includes concepts of variation, overproduction, and competition. • According to natural selection, organisms with traits best suited to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce.

36. Reviewing Main Ideas 2 Clues About Evolution • Fossils provide evidence for evolution. • Relative dating and radiometric dating can be used to estimate the age of fossils. • The evolution of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, pesticide-resistant insects, and rapid genetic changes in plant species provides direct evidence that evolution occurs. • Homologous structures, vestigial structures, comparative embryology, and similarities in DNA provide indirect evidence of evolution.

37. Reviewing Main Ideas 3 The Evolution of Primates • Primates include monkeys, apes, and humans. Hominids are humanlike primates. • The earliest known hominid fossil is Australopithecus. • Homo sapiens are thought to have evolved from Cro-Magnon humans about 400,000 years ago.

38. Chapter Review Question 1 Charles Darwin observed that the beak shape of each species of finch is related to its eating habits. Which beak would best be used for probing beneath tree bark? A. long, slender B. long, fat C. medium-sized D. short, strong LE 3.1

39. Chapter Review Answer The answer is A. A long, slender beak would be best for probing beneath tree bark.

40. Chapter Review Question 2 What would a short, strong beak be best used for? A. eating insects B. drinking nectar C. prying insects out of small holes D. breaking hard shells LE 3.1

41. Chapter Review Answer The answer is D. Finches that eat nuts and seeds have short, stout, “crushing” beaks.

42. Chapter Review Question 3 A _______ is an inherited trait that makes an individual different from other members of its species. Answer The answer is variation. Variations result from permanent changes, or mutations, in an organism’s genes. LE 3.1

43. Chapter Review Question 4 _______ are scientists who study the past by collecting and examining fossils. A. Biologists B. Entomologists C. Ecologists D. Paleontologists LE 3.2b

44. Chapter Review Answer The answer is D. Paleontologists study fossils in order to learn which plants and animals lived during various periods of Earth’s history.

45. Chapter Review Question 5 _______ and _______ are two basic methods used to estimate the ages of rocks and fossils? LE 3.2b

46. Chapter Review Answer The answer is relative dating and radiometric dating. Relative dating is based on rock layers and radiometric dating compares the amount of radioactive element with the amount of nonradioactive element in the rock.

47. Standardized Test Practice Question 1 Which is an imprint on sediment that later hardens to become rock? A. cast fossil B. frozen fossil C. imprint fossil D. mineralized fossil LE 3.2c

48. Standardized Test Practice Answer The answer is C. A leaf, feather, bones, or even the entire body of an organism can leave an imprint on sediment that later hardens to become rock.

49. Standardized Test Practice Question 2 Which is NOT an example of an adaptation? A. albinism B. camouflage C. hibernation D. nocturnal behavior LE 3.1

50. Standardized Test Practice Answer The answer is A. An adaptation is any variation that makes an organism better suited to its environment. Albinism prevents an organism from blending into its environment.