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Explore the current status of Taiwan's energy and CO2 emissions situation, along with the development of energy technologies with low CO2 emissions and the country's advantages in renewable and hydrogen energy technology. Discover innovative materials and technology applications for clean energy and environmental sustainability in Taiwan.
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Materials for Clean Energy Production and CO2 Reduction Gou-Chung Chi Department of Photonics, National Chiao Tung University
Outline • Current Status of Taiwan’s Energy & CO2 Emissions Situation • Materials for Energy and the Environment • Highlights of Clean Energy R&D in Taiwan • Future Prospects
Ⅰ. Current Status of Taiwan’s Energy & CO2 Emissions Situation General Information of Taiwan • Area:36,000 km2 • Population:22.61 millions • GDP: US$ 355.583 billion • GDP per capita: US$ 15,223 • Exports: US$ 178.320 billion • Imports: US$ 169.225 billion • Taiwan’s industries rank globally • #1 provider of chip foundry services, with 70% of the market worth $9.1 billion • #1 provider of notebook PCs, with 72% of the market worth $24 billion INER Reference:Ministry of Economic Affairs 2007 (2006 data)
Comparison of Energy Structure Taiwan Japan Germany Reference : 1.Energieversorgung für Deutschland 2006 2.INER, BOE Data, Taiwan 3.APEC Energy Database
Comparison of CO2 Emission indicators Reference : 1.IEA key world energy Statistics 2007 2.IMF Data and Statistics
The Challenges of CO2 reduction in Taiwan • Climate Change • The CO2 emission ranking of Taiwan is 20th. • Energy and Industry Structure • The trend of energy supply is unfavorable for reducing CO2 emission due to the “nuclear-free home land” policy. • The dependence on foreign energy supply is very high (98%).
Development of Energy Technology with Low CO2 Emission 100% Coal (+ Methane hydrate) (+ CO2 Capture and sequestration) • Marine energy park (Wind + Solar + Biomass) • Deep sea water utilization • (OTEC+ Cooling) • Biofuel • Geothermal • 100% renewable energy in offshore island • IGCC+CO2 capture and sequestration • Methane hydrate (No IGCC+CO2 capture and sequestration currently) 100% Renewable /New energy
Energy Type Estimated Capacity (GW) Energy Capacity (PJ/y) Percentage of Primary Energy (%) Wind Power 3~30 28~280 0.7~6.7 Solar Energy 12~120 56~560 1.3~13.4 Bio-energy (bio-waste+bio-ethanol+bio-diesel) 20 Geothermal Energy >7.5 >236 >5.7 Ocean-thermal Gradients 3~25 84~787 2.3~18.9 Taiwan’s Advantages in Developing Renewable and Hydrogen Energy Technology • Ample renewable energy resources • Strong manufacturing capabilities for cost-down production of hydrogen energy equipment • Strong commitments to renewable and hydrogen energy R&D
Application of Clean Energy and Environmental Technology Primary Energy Core Technology System Application MOCVD High Efficiency Solar Cell kW~GWSystem Community PECVD Solar Energy Thin Film Solar Cell Building Materials kW System Electricity Quantum Dot Solar Cell < 100W System 3C Hydrogen Production/Storage Water Splitting Hydrogen Storage System for FCV Transportation MOF Hydrolysis Fermentation Genetic Engineering Biothanol Bio Energy kW~GWSystem Nanosized Ceramic Powder Atmospheric Plasma Spray SOFC Fossil Fuel SIGCC
Efficiency Isc Voc Ⅲ. Highlights of Clean Energy R&D in Taiwan Solar Water Splitting 2007-2009 2010-2012 2013-2014 2015 – 2020 Single-junction pc-silicon thin film PEC device C-silicon bulk PEC device Photochemical: PEC Multiple junctions a-Si / pc-Si thin film PEC device Commercialization at cost of 0.2 USD/Kg H2 Chemical conversion processefficiency :EC 5% 10% 15% COST N/A 20 USD/kg 2 USD/kg 1. Pt Size < 10nm 2. Pt Density 3. Macroporous surface 4. Surface oxidation (SiO2) 5. Higher shottkey barrier (Solar Cell structure) Solar Water Splitting Voc > 1.23 eV Syntheses of Pt nanoparticles by physical or wet chemical methods Si thin film electrode
Current Status of MOF Research for Hydrogen Storage • MOF (metal organic framework) has large pore volume, high specific surface area and a network of pore channels with well-defined hydrogen occupation sites ;and is promising for hydrogen storage. • Bridge-building enhances hydrogen adsorption through spillover. • The maximum hydrogen adsorption capacity at room temperature and 6.9 MPa can reach 4.7 wt%. 3-D network of pore channel SEM image of MOF cubic crystals Comparison of hydrogen uptake for MOFs with and without bridge-building. Hydrogen storage cartridge for bridged-MOFs Bridge-building reducing energy barrier for spillover
Development of Advanced Ceramic Components of SOFC Atmospheric plasma spraying system LSGM Nano YSZ (8~20nm) and Ni(20~40nm) Ni Substrate LSCF(20~40m) LSGM(45~65m) Nanostructured YSZ+Ni Anode (15~25m) Ni Substrate (1.0~1.2mm) SEM cross sectional view of porous nickel metal supported YSZ/Ni-LSGM-LSCF I-V-P performance of porous nickel metal supported YSZ/Ni-LSGM-LSC Plasma sprayed SOFC MEA
Ⅲ-Ⅴ Solar Cell Technology Development Layer structure Self-designed triple junction solar cell The efficiency of self-designed solar cell has achieved 31% in 2006. 5.8 cm Cell Pattern Tested by INER Self-designed Ⅲ-Ⅴ solar cell has an efficiency of 31% under 72 suns. Wafer diced into cells and expanded on the blue tape Designed by INER 14
Cellulosic Ethanol Development • FEEDSTOCK algae miscanthus bagasse rice straw Ferment-able Sugars Fermen-tation Process • PROCESS Cellulosic Ethanol Cellulosic Biomass Cellulose Pre-treatment Process Enzyme Process • TARGET Pilot plant (1 tons/day) Mini-scale plant (10kg/batch) Bench scale (400g/batch) Lab scale 2005 2006 2007 2009 Year
A Conceptual Marine Energy Park Land accretion along the seashore to create a new energy industry zone • Cellulose-to-ethanol transformation plants using feedstock from on-site algae and electricity from on-site green power • Connecting innovative design of wind turbines foundations to form an underwater pasture for algae, fishes, or shellfishes (see next page) • High-concentration photovoltaic (HCPV) power-generation systems at park and solar energy panels with new thin-film materials mounted at wind turbine monopole • Off-shore anti-typhoon design wind turbines with new blade materials of improved strength-mass ratio and with lighter components
Thin-film solar panels Large size algae cultivation using high strength fiber cordage High density polyethylene (HDPE) cultivation net cage A Conceptual Underwater Pasture Combined with Wind and Solar Power Applications
Ⅳ. Future Prospects • Taiwan is willing to share responsibility in addressing the problem of global climate change under the principle of fairness and justice. • Using advanced materials and clean energy technologies to ensure Taiwan’s energy security and to reduce the impact on the environment. • Any GHG emission reduction approach should consider the global competitiveness of Taiwan’s industries. Reference:Conclusion from Executive Yuan Energy Policy and S&T Development Steering Committee
CO2 Emission (M tons) GDP (100million US$) 500 16000 450 12000 400 350 8000 300 1.Mid-term target plus high share of SIGCC & renewables 2.Reduce to 2005 level 250 4000 200 150 0 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 Mid-term Target Long-term Target GDP Long-term Target of CO2 Reduction -Reduce to 2005 Level
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