1 / 74

BIO440: Population Genetics and Evolution

BIO440: Population Genetics and Evolution. I. What is Evolution?. I. What is Evolution?. A. Definitions "descent with modification". I. What is Evolution?. A. Definitions 1. Darwin - "descent with modification" 2. Ridley - "change in a lineage of populations between generations"

mscotti
Télécharger la présentation

BIO440: Population Genetics and Evolution

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. BIO440: Population Genetics and Evolution

  2. I. What is Evolution?

  3. I. What is Evolution? A. Definitions "descent with modification"

  4. I. What is Evolution? A. Definitions 1. Darwin - "descent with modification" 2. Ridley - "change in a lineage of populations between generations" 3. Futuyma - "a change in the properties of populations of organisms, or groups of such populations, over generations" • Freeman and Herron - “changes in allele frequencies over time" • Zimmer and Emlen- “any chance in the inherited traits of a population that occurs from one generation to the next.”

  5. I. What is Evolution? A. Definitions B. Key Elements 1. Populations evolve – individuals develop.

  6. I. What is Evolution? A. Definitions B. Key Elements 1. Populations evolve – individuals develop. • - Evolution is observable: heritable change in a population over generations. We might term this "Lineage Evolution".

  7. I. What is Evolution? A. Definitions B. Key Elements 1. Populations evolve – individuals develop. 2. - Evolution is observable: 3. - with known, observable causes:

  8. I. What is Evolution? A. Definitions B. Key Elements 4. - and known, observable results: As the genetic structure of a population changes over generations, it can become different (diverge) from other populations. We term this "Radiational Evolution".

  9. I. What is Evolution? A. Definitions B. Key Elements 4. - and known, observable results: 5. “Radiational Evolution” creates nested, hierarchical, patterns of relatedness…. within and between biological entities: phylogenies

  10. Genetic Relationships Among Some Human Populations

  11. Phylogeny among some Artiodactyls

  12. NESTED, HIERARCHICAL, PHYLOGENY SUPERFAMILY: Hominidae FAMILY: SUBFAMILY: TRIBE: GENUS: SPECIES 15 Gibbon sp.

  13. Modern Diversity, Biogeography, and Ecological Relationships Anatomy, Physiology, Behavior Genetics and Evolution “Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution” – Theodosius Dobzhansky History of Life

  14. II. The History of Evolutionary Thought (Mayr, E. 1982. The Growth of Biological Thought)

  15. II. The History of Evolutionary Thought A. Early Greeks Pantheon of meddlesome gods that controlled every aspect of nature and human experience; even took humans for mating (produced the heroes). Prometheus fashions humans out of earth and water, and Athena gives humankind a soul

  16. II. The History of Evolutionary Thought A. Early Greeks B. 2nd Greek School 1. Hippocrates (450-377 bc) “I swear by Apollo Physician and Asclepius and Hygieia and Panaceia and all the gods and goddesses, making them my witnesses, that I will fulfill according to my ability and judgment this oath and this covenant…”

  17. II. The History of Evolutionary Thought A. Early Greeks B. 2nd Greek School 1. Hippocrates (450-377 bc) - Valued an empirical approach… “look and see” - Believed in use and disuse and inheritance of acquired traits - Close to an evolutionary approach

  18. II. The History of Evolutionary Thought A. Early Greeks B. 2nd Greek School 1. Hippocrates (450-377 bc) 2. Plato (427-347 bc)

  19. II. The History of Evolutionary Thought • A. Early Greeks • B. 2nd Greek School • 1. Hippocrates (450-377 bc) • 2. Plato (427-347 bc) • pure philosopher • UNIVERSAL PHILOSOPHY (four dogmas)

  20. II. The History of Evolutionary Thought • A. Early Greeks • B. 2nd Greek School • 1. Hippocrates (450-377 bc) • 2. Plato (427-347 bc) • pure philosopher • UNIVERSAL PHILOSOPHY (four dogmas) • Essentialism (unchanging eidos) • Plenitude (harmony) • Demi-Urge (creative force) • Soul (spark of life; most in humans) The cave

  21. trained in Pythagorean School; pure philosopher • UNIVERSAL PHILOSOPHY (four dogmas) • Essentialism (unchanging eidos) • Plenitude (harmony) • Demi-Urge (creative force) • Soul (spark of life; most in humans) Mayr states: "It took more than 2000 years for biology, under the influence of Darwin, to escape the paralyzing grip of essentialism...the rise of modern biology is, in part, the emancipation from Platonic thinking".

  22. II. The History of Evolutionary Thought A. Early Greeks B. 2nd Greek School 1. Hippocrates (450-377 bc) 2. Plato (427-347 bc) 3. Aristotle (384-322 bc)

  23. II. The History of Evolutionary Thought • A. Early Greeks • B. 2nd Greek School • 1. Hippocrates (450-377 bc) • 2. Plato (427-347 bc) • 3. Aristotle (384-322 bc) • Interested in nature • Described 100’s of species • ScalaNaturae

  24. II. The History of Evolutionary Thought • A. Early Greeks • B. 2nd Greek School • 1. Hippocrates (450-377 bc) • 2. Plato (427-347 bc) • 3. Aristotle (384-322 bc) • Interested in nature • Described 100’s of species • ScalaNaturae • Formalized logic, and • accepted empirical observations • as premises in arguments. But • conclusions were drawn from the • internal consistency of the argument; they were not • tested by observation.

  25. II. The History of Evolutionary Thought A. Early Greeks B. 2nd Greek School C. The Impact of Christianity

  26. II. The History of Evolutionary Thought • A. Early Greeks • B. 2nd Greek School • C. The Impact of Christianity • 1. Constantine the Great • (reign 306-337 ad - First Holy Roman Emporor) • - conversion to Christianity signaled change from to monotheism in west (middle east monotheistic for millenia). • Platonic Dogma’s meshed with Bible: • Single, perfect, harmonious, unchanging • creation

  27. II. The History of Evolutionary Thought A. Early Greeks B. 2nd Greek School C. The Impact of Christianity 1. Constantine the Great 2. Middle Ages - Fall of Rome (476) to Fall of Constantinople (1453) - Catholic Church as the Political Power

  28. II. The History of Evolutionary Thought • A. Early Greeks • B. 2nd Greek School • C. The Impact of Christianity • 1. Constantine the Great • 2. Middle Ages • - Fall of Rome (476) to Fall of Constantinople (1453) • - Catholic Church as Political Power • - The Persians (900-1000ce) • - Ibn a-lHaytham (Alhazen) • - al-Biruni • - IbnSena (Avicenna) Aristotelian logic and Empiricism!!

  29. II. The History of Evolutionary Thought • A. Early Greeks • B. 2nd Greek School • C. The Impact of Christianity • 1. Constantine the Great • 2. Middle Ages • - Fall of Rome (476) to Fall of Constantinople (1453) • - Catholic Church as Political Power • - Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274): • - must be an unmoved mover • - must be an initial causality • - must be an initial being • - must be an ultimate good • - the ‘design/purpose’ of nature • implies a designer ...yes…

  30. II. The History of Evolutionary Thought • A. Early Greeks • B. 2nd Greek School • C. The Impact of Christianity • 1. Constantine the Great • 2. Middle Ages • - Fall of Rome (476) to Fall of Constantinople (1453) • - Catholic Church as Political Power • - Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274): • - must be an unmoved mover • - must be an initial causality • - must be an initial being • - must be an ultimate good • - the ‘design/purpose’ of nature • implies a designer • - translating the Persians • (with Grosseteste and Bacon)

  31. II. The History of Evolutionary Thought A. Early Greeks B. 2nd Greek School C. The Impact of Christianity D. The Renaissance (1400-1700)

  32. II. The History of Evolutionary Thought A. Early Greeks B. 2nd Greek School C. The Impact of Christianity D. The Renaissance (1400-1700) 1. Voyages of Discovery - 1488 - Dias - Rounds Cape of Good Hope - 1492 - Columbus - "New World"

  33. 2. Scientific Revolution a. Astronomy and Physics 1. NikoliCopernik (1473-1543) 2. Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) 3. Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) 4. Isaac Newton (1642-1727) Heliocentric solar system - confirmed by Galileo’s observations Planets orbit in imperfect ellipses The motion of planets and other material objects could be explained and predicted based on constant laws of nature

  34. II. The History of Evolutionary Thought A. Early Greeks B. 2nd Greek School C. The Impact of Christianity D. The Renaissance (1400-1700) 1. Voyages of Discovery 2. Scientific Revolution a. Astronomy and Physics b. The Age of the Earth

  35. II. The History of Evolutionary Thought A. Early Greeks B. 2nd Greek School C. The Impact of Christianity D. The Renaissance (1400-1700) 1. Voyages of Discovery 2. Scientific Revolution a. Astronomy and Physics b. The Age of the Earth 1. James Ussher (1581-1656): Bishop who Applied logical rigor to the History of the Earth as revealed in the Bible... counted the 'begats'... - creation began at 9am on October 23, 4004 b.c.

  36. 2. Scientific Revolution a. Astronomy and Physics b. The Age of the Earth 1. James Ussher (1581-1656) 2. Nicolaus Steno (1638-1686) - introduced concept of stratigraphy and superposition - sedimentary rocks are layered in order deposited - erosion is continuous and is the primary agent of geology on earth.

  37. 2. Scientific Revolution 3. Conclusions of the Revolution - Mechanics of Physical Universe were de-deified - Constant, physical laws governed nature. - God as creator (first cause) of universe and laws by which it operates; requires less intervention. The Ancient of Days – William Blake

  38. 2. Scientific Revolution 3. Conclusions of the Revolution 4. Counter-intuitive Effects on Biology a. constant laws implied stasis since creation b. conflict: - Deists = secondary laws enough - Natural theologians = diversity and perfection of life requires a God attending to every detail. "there is special providence in the fall of a sparrow..." - Shakespeare (1564-1616) - Hamlet

  39. 5. Resolution and Problems • Life was divine and not explicable by natural law • Natural Theology re-emerged • An impressive cataloguing of nature… Botanist John Ray's book (1691) "The Wisdom of God Manifest in the Works of Creation" • How did all these species fit on the ark? Why aren’t they mentioned in the Bible? How did they get to the new world as flood water receded?

  40. II. The History of Evolutionary Thought A. Early Greeks B. 2nd Greek School C. The Impact of Christianity D. The Renaissance (1400-1700) E. The Enlightenment (1700’s)

  41. E. The Enlightenment (1700’s) • Cultural Climate • - American, French Revolutions over Monarchy/Authority • - reason as a way to solve humanity’s problems

  42. E. The Enlightenment (1700’s) • Cultural Climate • 2. Natural Theology • a. Carl Linne (1707-1778) - "Linnaeus" • - the great cataloger • - latinbinomen system • group species based on reproductive structures • created higher taxa order, class, phylum (nested) • - SystemaNaturae: Creationistellurisestgloria Dei ex opereNaturae per Hominem solum -- "The Earth's creation is the glory of God, as seen from the works of Nature by Man alone." 1758

  43. E. The Enlightenment (1700’s) • Cultural Climate • 2. Natural Theology • a. Carl Linne (1707-1778) - "Linnaeus" • b. Georges Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon (1707-1788) • the foremost "biologist" of the 18th century • 1749 Histoire Naturelle • emphasized life-history of organisms not their classification Was aware of evolution as a possibility, but…

  44. "Not only the ass and the horse, but also man, the apes, the quadrupeds, and all the animals might be regarded as constituting but a single family... If it were admitted that the ass is of the family of the horse, and different from the horse only because it has varied from the original form, one could equally well say that the ape is of the family of man, that he is a degenerate man, that man and ape have a common origin; that, in fact, all the families, among plants as well as animals, have come from a single stock, and that all the animals are descended from a single animal, from which have sprung in the course of time, as a result of progress or of degeneration, all the other races of animals. For if it were once shown that we are justified in establishing these families; if it were granted that among animals and plants there has been (I do say several species) but even a single one, which has been produced in the course of direct decent from another species; if, for example, it were true that the ass is but a degeneration from the horse - then there would no longer be any limit to the power of nature, and we should not be wrong in supposing that, with sufficient time, she has been able from a single being to derive all the other organized beings. But this is by no means a proper representation of nature. We are assured by the authority of revelation that all animals have participated equally in the grace of direct Creation and that the first pair of every species issued forth fully formed from the hands of the Creator." Georges Buffon - Histoire Naturelle (1766)

  45. E. The Enlightenment (1700’s) • Cultural Climate • 2. Natural Theology • a. Carl Linne (1707-1778) - "Linnaeus" • b. Georges Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon (1707-1788) • "it makes no difference which of the authors of the second half of the 18th century one reads - their discussions are, in the last analysis, merely commentaries on Buffon’s work. Except for Darwin and Aristotle, there has been no other student of organisms who has had as far-reaching an influence." Ernst Mayr - Growth of Biological Thought (1982)

  46. E. The Enlightenment (1700’s) • Cultural Climate • 2. Natural Theology • a. Carl Linne (1707-1778) - "Linnaeus" • b. Georges Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon (1707-1788) • c. William Paley (1743-1805) Theologian who restated Aquinas’s “proof of God”, largely using the ‘argument of design’ and the ‘watchmaker’ analogy in his book, Natural Theology (1802).

  47. 2. Natural Theology a. Carl Linne (1707-1778) - "Linnaeus" b. Georges Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon (1707-1788) c. William Paley (1743-1805) d. James Hutton (1726-1797) - Wrote "Theory of the Earth" in 1795; marks the discovery of "deep time" in English science.

  48. James Hutton (1726-1797) • - Wrote "Theory of the Earth" in 1795; marks the discovery of "deep time" in English science. • - Based on two observations: - 1. granite is an igneous rock, it infuses itself into other rocks (shists) and can only do that when molten.

  49. James Hutton (1726-1797) • - Wrote "Theory of the Earth" in 1795; marks the discovery of "deep time" in English science. • - Based on two observations: 2. the proper interpretation of “unconformities” - boundaries between cycles of uplift and erosion

More Related