1. Fig. 1

2. % Regenerating explants Maximum number of GUS foci / explant % Regenerating explants % Regeneration inhibition Maximum number of GUS foci / explant a b Portion of Leaf Kanamycin concentration in mg l-1 Fig. 2

3. c d a b Fig. 3

4. % Regenerating explants % Regenerating explants % Regenerating explants % Regenerating explants Maximum number of GUS foci / explant Maximum number of GUS foci / explant Maximum number of GUS foci / explant Maximum number of GUS foci / explant % Regenerating explants % Regenerating explants Maximum number of GUS foci / explant Maximum number of GUS foci / explant a b Co-inoculation duration in minutes Bacterial Density at OD600 % Regenerating explants % Regenerating explants Maximum number of GUS foci / explant Maximum number of GUS foci / explant c d Co-cultivation duration in days Acetosyringone concentration in µM Fig. 4

5. c d e b a g j i h f k l m n o Fig. 5

6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 +C -C M 1 2 3 4 5 6 +C -C M 720 bp 600 bp a b Withanolide A Withanone WithaferinA 1 2 3 c Fig. 6

7. XbaI HindIII BamHI EcoRI SalI BamHI SacI SalI RB LB hptII Tnos Tnos Intron-gusA P35S nptII Tnos P35S Pnos Supplementary Fig. 1 Schematic representation of chimeric vector pIG121Hm used in Withania coagulans transformation. LB left border; Pnos nopaline synthase promoter; nptII neomycin phosphotransferase gene; Tnos nopaline synthase terminator; P35S CaMV Cauliflower Mosaic Virus 35S promoter; gusA intron containing β-glucuronidase gene; hptII hygromycin phosphotransferase gene and RB right border of T-DNA.