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Cell Structure & Function

This article provides an overview of cell structure and function, including different cell types, organelles, and the cell theory. It also includes information on how to identify different cell types and the functions of various cell parts.

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Cell Structure & Function

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  1. Cell Structure & Function http://koning.ecsu.ctstateu.edu/cell/cell.html

  2. Cell Theory • Life is made of cells. • Cells are smallest unit of life. • Cells come from cells. • Cells need energy. • Cells have DNA that passes to offspring. • Cells are made of the macromolecules (same building blocks)

  3. Cell Theory Scientists • Hooke – named cells; viewed “cork” under a microscope • Leeuwenhook – saw living cells and called them “animalcules” • Schwann – concluded that all animals were made of cells • Schleiden – concluded that all plants were made of cells • Virchow – determined that cells only came from pre-existing cells

  4. Francesco Redi’s Experiment

  5. Pasteur’s Experiment

  6. Cell Types and Organelles

  7. Examples of Cells Amoeba Proteus Plant Stem Bacteria Red Blood Cell Nerve Cell

  8. Cell Types Prokaryotes – tiny, simple cells with NO nucleus or organelles; always single celled; example: ONLY bacteria Eukaryotes – slightly larger, more complex cells that DO contain a nucleus/organelles; two types (plant and animal); can be single OR multicellular; example: dog, human, tree… (anything living except bacteria)

  9. Prokaryotic Cells/Prokaryotes http://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/prokaryotic_cells.html

  10. Eukaryotic Cells/Eukaryotes Plant http://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/eukaryotic_cells.html

  11. Eukaryotic Cells/Eukaryotes Animal http://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/eukaryotic_cells.html

  12. Identifying Cell Types • If it does not have a nucleus, it is a prokaryote. PRO = NO • If it has a nucleus, it is a eukaryote. EU = DO • Plant cells are always boxy shaped=. • Animal cells are usually round, but can be any shape. They are never boxy.

  13. In this picture, the black dots are bacteria (prokaryotic cells- too small for a nucleus), the yeast cells are eukaryotes (notice the nucleus) and the scoby is a multicellular fungus. Notice the size differences.

  14. Cell PartsSome are in ALL cells, but most are only in Eukaryotes.

  15. Cell Membrane • ALL cells • Outer layer; controls what comes in/out http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

  16. Cell Wall • Plants and some Prokaryotes (never animal cells) • Outer support/structure http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

  17. Cytoplasm • All cells • Jelly like substance that fills the cell; site of some chemical reactions

  18. Nucleus • Eukaryotes • Contains DNA (instructions) to control the cell • Surrounded by a nuclear membrane

  19. Nucleolus • Eukaryotes • Dark area inside the nucleus where ribosomes are made http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

  20. Ribosomes • All Cells • Make proteins • Found on Rough ER or floating throughout the cell http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

  21. Endoplasmic Reticulum • Eukaryotes • Assembles and moves material around within the cell • Rough: helps with proteins, covered in ribosomes • Smooth: makes lipids, no ribosomes http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

  22. Golgi • Eukaryotes • Package and ship materials in or out of the cell (like post office) • Packages are called “vesicles” http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

  23. Lysosome • Eukaryotes • Digests or destroys anything needed using enzymes (food, old cell parts, viruses, etc) http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

  24. Vacuoles • Eukaryotes • Storage • Very large in plant cells for water http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

  25. Mitochondria • Eukaryotes • Uses respiration to turn carbs into ATP (cell energy) • Used to be a free-living prokaryote • Evidence: same size as bacteria, contains its own circular DNA • Endosymbiotic Theory http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

  26. Chloroplast • Plant cells • Uses photosynthesis to make carbs from sunlight using chlorophyll • Used to be a free-living prokaryote like the mitochondria http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

  27. Centriole/Centrosome • Animal Cells • Helps with cell division

  28. Cytoskeleton • Eukaryotes • Inner support

  29. Cell Movement • All Cells • Cilia = hairs • Flagella = tail(s)

  30. Group Project – The ____ is like a _____, because _______. • Make analogies for the following organelles • Nucleus • Nucleolus • Endoplasmic reticulum • Golgi • Vacuole • Cytoplasm • Ribosomes • Cytoskeleton • Chloroplast • Centriole • Cell membrane • Lysosomes • Mitochondria • Cell wall

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