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The Vital Role of Blood Cells in Human Health

Explore the functions and formation of red and white blood cells, platelets, and plasma in the body. Learn about hematopoietic growth factors and the characteristics of different types of blood cells. Discover the importance of nutrients like vitamin B12 and iron in red blood cell production.

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The Vital Role of Blood Cells in Human Health

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  1. CHAPTER 14 BLOOD www.cesnur.org

  2. TISSUE TYPE? • CONNECTIVE • FUNCTIONS? • TRANSPORTATION BETWEEN CELLS AND ENVIRONMENT/HOMEOSTASIS • FORMED ELEMENTS: CELLS, PLATELETS • LIQUID: PLASMA • 8% BODY WT; 5 LITERS

  3. HEMATOCRIT en.wikipedia.org en.wikipedia.org 45% RBC; 1% WBC & PLATELETS; 55% PLASMA

  4. BLOOD CELL FORMATION users.rcn.com HEMATAPOIETIC STEM CELLS/HEMOCYTOBLASTS HEMATAPOIETIC GROWTH FACTORS

  5. RED BLOOD CELL FORMATION • MULTIPOTENT STEM CELLS • COLONY-STIMULATING FACTORS (CYTOKINES AND/OR HORMONES) • ERYTHROPOIETIN (EPO) • THROMBOPOIETIN (TPO) • INTERLEUKIN-7 (IL-7) • GRANULOCYTE-MACROPHAGE COLONY-STIMULATING FACTOR (GM-CSF) • GRANULOCYTE COLONY STIMULATING FACTOR (G-CSF) • INTERLEUKIN-5 (IL-5) • INTERLEUKIN-3 • MACROPHAGE COLONY-STIMULATING FACTOR (M-CSF)

  6. RED BLOOD CELLS image.bloodline.net

  7. RBC CHARACTERISTICS • 7.5 µm DIAMETER • BICONCAVE ? • HEMOGLOBIN ?? • 1/3 OF TOTAL VOLUME • OXYHEMOGLOBIN = BRIGHT RED ?? • DEOXYHEMOGLOBIN = DARKER RED • NO NUCLEUS ?? • NO RNA ?? • NO REPLICATION ?? • ENERGY FROM GLYCOLYSIS ONLY ??

  8. RED BLOOD CELL www.bsip.com MALE: 4.6 – 6.2 MILLION/MICROLITER FEMALE: 4.2 – 5.4 MILLION/MICROLITER CHILD: 4.5 – 5.1 MILLION/MICROLITER INCREASE OR DECREASE AFFECTS OXYGEN CARRYING CAPACITY OF BLOOD

  9. RED BLOOD CELL www.revisionbuster.com

  10. RED BLOOD CELL PRODUCTION • VITAMIN B12 AND FOLIC ACID • DNA SYNTHESIS • VITAMIN B12 DEFICIENCY: PARIETAL CELLS (STOMACH) NOT PRODUCING INTRINSIC FACTOR (GIF); CAN’T ABSORB VITAMIN B12 IN SMALL INTESTINE • IRON • MOST REUSED WHEN RBC REPROCESSED • SMALL AMOUNT ABSORBED • ANEMIA ??

  11. RED BLOOD CELL PRODUCTION • FIRST: • YOLK SAC, LIVER, SPLEEN • AFTER BIRTH: • RED BONE MARROW

  12. DESTRUCTION OF RBCs • DAMAGED RBC RUPTURE IN LIVER OR SPLEEN • MACROPHAGES DESTROY DAMAGED RBC • HEMOGLOBINHEMEBILIVERDINBILIRUBIN: EXCRETED WITH BILIVERDIN AS BILE SALTS • IRON BINDS TO TRANSFERRIN  HEMATOPOIETIC TISSUE HEMOGLOBIN • 80% STORED AS FERRITIN IN LIVER • GLOBIN  AMINO ACIDS  METABOLIZED BY MACROPHAGES OR SENT TO BLOOD STREAM

  13. NEUTROPHIL bioweb.uwlax.edu

  14. LYMPHOCYTE bioweb.uwlax.edu

  15. MONOCYTE bioweb.uwlax.edu

  16. EOSINOPHIL bioweb.uwlax.edu

  17. BASOPHIL bioweb.uwlax.edu

  18. DENDRITIC CELL /www.cdaarthritis.com

  19. DENDRITIC CELL focus.hms.harvard.edu

  20. WHITE BLOOD CELLS • GRANULOCYTES: GRANULAR CYTOPLASM • NEUTROPHILS, EOSINOPHILS, BASOPHILS • AGRANULOCYTES • MONOCYTES, LYMPHOCYTES

  21. WHITE BLOOD CELLS • NEUTROPHILS: • FINE GRANULES, OLDER: 2-5 LOBED NUCLEUS (PMNs), YOUNGER: C SHAPED (BANDS), FIRST AT INFECTION, 54-62% OF CIRCULATING WBCs, PHAGOCYTIZE SMALL PARTICLES: BACTERIA, FUNGI, SOME VIRUSES • EOSINOPHILS: • COARSE UNIFROMLY SIZED GRANULES, BILOBED, MODERATE ALLERGIC REACTIONS, ATTACK PARASITIC WORMS, 1-3% OF WBCs

  22. BASOPHILS: • SIMILAR TO EOSINOPHILS (SIZE AND NUCLEI SHAPE) , FEW, IRREGULARLY SHAPED GRANULES, RELEASE HISTAMINE ? AND HEPARIN?

  23. AGRANULOCYTES • MONOCYTES: • LARGEST, NUCLEI MANY SHAPES, CAN BECOME MACROPHAGES IN TISSUE, CONSUME: BACTERIA, DEAD CELLS AND DEBRIES, 3-9%; LIVE WEEKS TO MONTHS • LYMPHOCYTES: • SMALLEST WBC, LARGE ROUND NUCLEUS, T AND B CELLS; T: DIRECTLY ATTACK CELLS: BACTERIA, TUMOR, TRANSPLANTS; B CELLS: ANTIBODIES

  24. DENDRITIC CELLS • PRESENT IN SURFACE TISSUES (SKIN); ACTIVATED AND GO TO LYMPH NODES TO STIMULATE T AND B CELLS; SIGNAL PHAGOCYTES;

  25. DIFF www.maexamhelp.com

  26. DIAPEDESIS www.mybloodyourblood.org

  27. HISTAMINE en.wikipedia.org

  28. CHEMOTAXIS • http://www.cellsalive.com/qtmovs/chemotx_mov.htm

  29. CHEMOTAXIS www.whfreeman.com

  30. WHITE BLOOD CELL COUNTS • 4.5 – 10 THOUSAND PER MICROLITER • LEUKOCYTOSIS • MORE THAN 10,000 • ACUTE INFECTION; VIGOROUS EXERCISE; EMOTIONAL DISTRESS; BODY FLUID LOSS; • LEUKOPENIA • LESS THAN 4,500 • TYPHOID FEVER; FLU; MEASLES; MUMPS; CHICKENPOX; AIDS; POLIOMYELITUS; ANEMIA; LEAD, ARSENIC, MERCURY POISONING DIFF

  31. MEGAKARYOCYTES www.academic.marist.edu

  32. PLATLETS • FORM FROM ?? • FORM PLATLETS WHEN FRAGMENTS TRAVEL THROUGH LUNGS • SMALL PACKETS OF CYTOPLASM/ ½ SIZE OF RBC • LIVE 10 DAYS; AMEBOID MEVEMENT • 130,000 – 160,000 PER MICROLITER • STICK TO BROKEN SURFACES FOR REPAIR • RELEASE SEROTONIN TO CONTRACT SMOOTH MUSCLE

  33. PLATELETS www.psbc.org www.psbc.org

  34. PLASMA • CLEAR, STRAW COLORED • ~92% H2O; AND NUTRIENTS; GASES; VITAMINS; • HELP REGULATE FLUID AND ELECTROLYTE BALANCE AND Ph; HOMEOSTASIS ALBUMEN GLOBULIN www.friedli.com www.ssi.dk

  35. PLASMA PROTEINS • MOST ABUNDANT DISSOLVED SUBSTANCES IN PLASMA • ALBUMIN • 60%/WEIGHT BUT SMALLEST • SYNTHESIZED IN LIVER • IMPORTANT FOR OSMOTIC PRESSURE ?? • COLLOID OSMOTIC PRESSURE • REGULATE WATER COMPOSITION  CONTROLS BLOOD VOLUME  AFFECTS BLOOD PRESSURE • ALSO ACT AS CARRIERS: BIND THINGS LIKE HORMONES, BILLIVERDIN, FATTY ACIDS,

  36. GLOBULINS • 36% • ALPH AND BETA GLOBULINS SYNTHESIZED BY LIVER • TRANSPORT LIPIDS, FAT-SOLUBLE VITAMINS • GAMMA PRODUCED BY LYMPHATIC TISSUE • ANTIBODIES • FIBRINOGEN • 4% • BLOOD CLOTTING

  37. GASES AND NUTRIENTS • BLOOD GASES ?? • OXYGEN, CARBON DIOXIDE, NITROGEN • PLASMA NUTRIENTS • AMINO ACIDS, SIMPLE SUGARS, NUCLEOTIDES, LIPIDS FROM SMALL INTESTINE • LIPIDS: TRIGLYCERIDES, PHOSPHOLIPIDS, CHOLESTEROL/ WATER SOLUBLE ???? • MUST BE CARRIED BY PLASMA PROTEINS

  38. NONPROTEIN NITROGENOUS SUBSTANCES (NPNs) • AMINO ACIDS, UREA, URIC ACID, CREATINE, CREATININE • PRODUCED BY ?? • PROTEIN CATABOLISM OR ABSORPTION OF AMINO ACIDS • PROTEIN CATABOLISM • NUCLEIC ACID CATABOLISM • CREATINE METABOLISM FORMS CREATININE GENERALLY PROTEIN INTAKE AND EXCRETION OF NITROGENOUS WASTES IS EQUAL UNLESS KIDEYS ARE NOT WORKING CORRECTLY

  39. PLASMA ELECTROLYTES • ELECTROLYTES BECOME IONS WHEN DISSOLVED IN H2O • ABSORBED BY INTESTINES OR FORMED DURING METABOLISM • SODIUM, POTASSIUM, MAGNESIUM, CHLORIDE, BICARBONATE, PHOSPHATE, SULFATE IONS • SODIUM AND CHLORIDE ARE MOST ABUNDANT • BICARBONATE: MAINTIANING OSMOTIC PRESSURE, AND PLAMSA pH

  40. HEMOSTASIS • STOPPAGE OF BLEEDING • BY: • BLOOD VESSEL SPASM • PLATLET PLUG • CLOTTING /image.bloodline.net

  41. BLOOD VESSEL SPASM • VASOSPASM: SMOOTH MUSCLE CONTRACTS WHY? • REFLEX A FEW SECONDS, DIRECT STIMULTATION LASTS 30 MIN • PLATELETS RELEASE SEROTONIN WHICH AGMENTS THIS REACTION

  42. PLATELET PLUG • PLATELETS ATTACH TO COLLAGEN EXPOSED UNDER EPITHELIAL LINING • COLLAGEN CAUSES THE PRODUCTION OF MANY TINY SPINOUS PROCESSES ON PLATELETS SO STICK TOGETHER TO FORM A PLUG • ONLY WORKS ON SMALLER BLOOD VESSEL BREAKS

  43. BLOOD COAGULATION/CLOT • WOUND = EXTRINSIC FACTORS • FOREIGN SURFACE (PLASTIC) = INTRINSIC FACTORS • CASCADE: A SERIES OF REACTIONS THAT ALL STIMULATE THE NEXT REACTION. • DEPENDS ON AMOUNT OF PROCOAGULANTS AND ANTICOAGULANTS • USUALLY MORE ANTICOAGULANTS

  44. EXTRINSIC CLOTTING MECHANISM • WOUND: RELEASES TISSUE THROMOPLASTIN (FACTOR III) • WHICH EVENTUALLY CONVERTS THROMBOPLASTIN USING CALCIUM AND FORMING PROTHROMBIN ACTIVATOR • PROTHROMBIN ACTIVATOR CHANGES PROTHROMBIN (ALPHA GLOBULIN) TO THROMBIN

  45. THROMBIN CHANGES FIBRINOGEN TO FIBRIN • FIBRIN STICKS TO DAMAGED SURFACES, TRAPS CELLS AND PLATELETS = CLOT • POSITIVE FEEDBACK ??? • GENERALLY BLOOD ONLY COAGULATES WHERE IT IS STILL OR SLOW • BLOOD NORMALLY CARRIES THROMBIN AWAY KEEPING ITS CONCENTRATION TOO LOW FOR COAGULATION AND ANTITHROMBININ BLOOD AND ON VESSEL WALLS KEEPS THROMBIN FROM FORMING

  46. INTRINSIC FACTOR • WHEN EXPOSED TO COLLAGEN OR GLASS IT STIMULATES HAGEMAN FACTOR (FACTOR XII); ACTIVATES FACTOR XI; ACTIVATES FACTOR IX; ALONG WITH FACTOR VIII AND PHOSPHOLIPIDS ACTIVATES FACTOR X • FACTOR X PLUS CALCIUM IONS PRODUCES PROTHROMBIN ACTIVATOR • THEN LIKE EXTRINSIC FACTOR

  47. BLOOD CLOTS FATE • DRIES AND SHRINKS PULLING EDGES IN • PLATELETS RELEASE PLATELET-DERIVED GROWTH FACTOR (PDGF) STIMULATE FIBROBLASTS AND SMOOTH MUSCLE TO REPAIR DAMAGE • FIBROBLASTS PRODUCE CONNECTIVE TISSUE FIBERS TO STRENGTHEN CLOT • PLASMINOGEN PICKED UP BY FIBERS • PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR FROM LYSOSOMES CAUSES PLASMINOGEN TO BECOME PLASMIN WHICH IS AN ENZYME THAT DIGESTS FIBRIN

  48. THROMBOSSIS: • ABNORMALLY FORMED BLOOD CLOT • EMBOLUS: • A CLOT THAT BREAKS FREE • EMBOLISM: • A BLOCKAGE DUE TO AN EMBOLUS • ATHEROSCLEROSIS: • ACCUMULATION OF FATS ALONG BLOOD VESSEL WALLS ??

  49. PREVENTION OF CLOTS • SMOOTH ENDOTHELIUM • ENDOTHELIAL CELLS SECRETE A PROSTAGLANDIN: PROSTACYCLIN • PREVENTS PLATELETS FROM STICKING • THROMBIN ABSORBED BY FIBRIN THREADS SO IT CAN’T SPREAD • ANTITHROMBIN: ALPHA GLOBULIN • BINDS THROMBIN AND PREVENTS ACTION ON FIBRINOGEN • HEPARIN FROM: • MAST CELLS AND BASOPHILS (ESPECIALLY LIVER AND LUNGS) ?? • INTERFERES WITH PROTHROMBIN ACTIVATOR PRODUCTION

  50. CLOTTING www.evowiki.org

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