CHAPTER 10 – EXPANSION AND CONFLICT

1. CHAPTER 10 –EXPANSION AND CONFLICT SECTION 1 – THE LURE OF THE WEST

2. A. Manifest Destiny • Belief that God intended the United States to expand westward to the Pacific Ocean • Why did the North wanted to expand to the West? Ease population issues and create new markets for trade • Why did the South want to expand? More places to increase cotton production

3. A. Manifest Destiny • Two arguments against manifest destiny – • Much of the land was already claimed by other nations and Native Americans • U.S. would be too big to govern effectively • Result – land and opportunity (read: money and power) won out over the other concerns • Named by magazine editor John L. O’Sullivan in 1845 • “Our manifest destiny [is] to overspread the continent allotted by Providence for the free development of our yearly multiplying millions.”

5. B. Mexican Texas • Why was Texas attractive to settlers? Extremely cheap land and no taxes • Two reasons why Mexico wanted people to settle in Texas – barrier between northern Mexico and Indians and to gain loyal Mexican citizens • Tejanos – native Mexicans who lived in Texas

6. B. Mexican Texas • Empresarios – people who agreed to recruit new settlers for Texas, most were whites from U.S. • Stephen F. Austin – one of first empresarios, became a major leader of Texas Revolution • Why were people attracted to Texas? Land was 90% cheaper than in U.S.

7. C. Texas Revolution • By 1830, non-Mexicans outnumbered Tejanos 2-to-1 • Three reasons why relations between the settlers and Mexico grew tense – People were forced to become Catholics, importation of slaves was banned, border was closed to immigration • Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna – elected president in 1833, became a dictator • In 1833, Austin was jailed after going to Mexico City to negotiate a peaceful settlement

9. C. Texas Revolution • The Alamo (March 6, 1836) – all 187 Texas soldiers were killed while defending a fort at San Antonio • Goliad (March 27) – 400 soldiers executed by Santa Anna for treason after they surrendered • Battle of San Jacinto (April 21) – Rebels led by Sam Houston dominate Mexicans and capture Santa Anna in Texas victory. Santa Anna was forced to sign a treaty giving Texas its independence.

12. D. Life in Republic of Texas • Texas petitioned the U.S. for statehood in 1837 • Didn’t get it until 1845. Why? • Northern states were opposed to another slave state • U.S. didn’t want a war with Mexico (yet) • French and German immigration increased after independence

13. D. Life in Republic of Texas • Discrimination against Tejanos • Tejanos had land and property stolen by whites, others were forced out of Texas • Juan Seguin – famous Tejano fought at San Jacinto and was later mayor of San Antonio • The economy and defense • Three reasons why Texas went into debt – large territory to cover with small population, most people were farmers without much cash, small tax revenue • Texas Rangers – Fighting force formed to defend Texas from Mexico and American Indians

14. CHAPTER 10 –EXPANSION AND CONFLICT SECTION 2 – AMERICAN EXPANSIONISM

15. A. Texas Annexation • Debate Over Annexation • Supporters – worried that Texas would become British ally if not admitted to U.S. • Opponents – adding Texas would increase power of the slave states in Congress

16. A. Texas Annexation • Election of 1844 • Candidates – Henry Clay (Whig-KY) vs. Former Gov. James K. Polk (D-TN) • Dark-horse candidate – one who seems to have little chance of winning • Who did this term apply to? Polk, most people had Clay as the clear favorite and Polk wasn’t even the favorite in his own party

17. A. Texas Annexation • Major issue – Western expansion – Polk was outspoken in support for it, Clay didn’t even mention it in his platform • Result – Polk won 170 electoral votes to 105 (even though he lost his home state), popular vote was separated by 2 percent

19. “Texas has been absorbed into the Union as the inevitable fulfillment of the general law which is rolling our population westward....It was disintegrated from Mexico in the natural course of events, by a process perfectly legitimate on its own part, blameless on ours.... • “California will, probably next fall away from...Mexico...imbecile and distracted...The Anglo-Saxon foot is already on its borders....All this without agency of our government, without responsibility of our people--in the natural flow of events, the spontaneous working of principles.... • Democratic Review, 1845

20. A. Texas Annexation • Conflict with Mexico • March 3, 1845 – Congress ignores Mexican warnings by admitting Texas to Union, becomes a state on Dec. 29 • Dispute – Polk claimed Rio Grande was the border, Mexico thought it was 100 miles to the north (Nueces River)

22. A. Texas Annexation • Polk sent a diplomat to Mexico, hoped to force them to accept Rio Grande boundary and buy California and New Mexico • Result – May 9, 1846 – Mexican troops cross Rio Grande and attack U.S. patrol, war declared four days later

24. B. Mexican War • Groups against the war – Whigs and northerners such as Lincoln, Frederick Douglass and Henry David Thoreau • Those for the war – Southerners and westerners who wanted Mexican land • “How does it become a man to behave toward this American government today? I answer that he cannot without disgrace be associated with it. I cannot for an instant recognize that political organization as my government which is the slave's government also.” • Henry David Thoreau

25. B. Mexican War • Groups against the war – Whigs and northerners such as Lincoln, Frederick Douglass and Henry David Thoreau • Those for the war – Southerners and westerners who wanted Mexican land

26. B. Mexican War • Stephen Kearny – American general who led successful attack on Santa Fe, New Mexico • Bear Flag Revolt – secretly led by Capt. John C. Fremont, who encouraged settlers in northern California to revolt against the Mexicans • Got its name from the settlers who raised a flag with a grizzly bear on it after beating the Spanish

30. B. Mexican War • Battle of Buena Vista – Feb. 1847 – Taylor and 5,000 troops force Santa Anna and 15,000 troops to withdraw with heavy losses on both sides • Battle for Mexico City – General Winfield Scott captured castle at Veracruz in March, overtook Mexico City on Sept. 14, 1847

32. “Have not results in Mexico taught the invincibility of American arms?...The North Americans will spread out far beyond their present bounds. They will encroach again and again upon their neighbors. New territories will be planted, declare their independence, and be annexed. We have New Mexico and California! We will have Old Mexico and Cuba! The isthmus cannot arrest--nor even the Saint Lawrence!! Time has all of this in her womb. A hundred states will grow up where now exists but thirty.” • DeBow'sCommercial Review, 1848

33. C. Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo • Terms – • Mexico gave up all claims to Texas • Allowed U.S. to buy Mexican Cession for $15 million • Granted U.S. citizenship to all Mexicans living in Cession territory • All or parts of seven states included in Mexican Cession (California, Utah and Nevada along with parts of Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado and Wyoming) • Gadsden Purchase (1853) –U.S. buy southern portions of Arizona and New Mexico for $10 million to build transcontinental railroad

36. D. Mexican Americans • Many Mexican Americans lost their land after being taken over by U.S. • Many Americans looked down on Mexican heritage and its blend of Spanish and Indian influences • Juan Cortina – Tejano who led rebellions in South Texas for many years

38. CHAPTER 10 –EXPANSION AND CONFLICT SECTION 3 – THE FAR WEST

40. A. Settling Oregon Country • Oregon Trail – trail to Pacific coast used by fur trappers, farmers and Christian missionaries • U.S. and Britain agreed in 1818 to share control of Oregon Territory • U.S. wanted Oregon to be divided at 49th parallel, but British had always refused • “Fifty-four forty or fight” – Polk’s announcement that the U.S. had right to all of Oregon up to Alaska border • Result – U.S. and Great Britain signed treaty in 1846 that set border at 49th parallel, gave Vancouver Island to the British