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Segregation and Discrimination

This chapter delves into the imposition of voting restrictions in post-Civil War America, emphasizing the literacy tests and poll taxes that disenfranchised many African Americans. The introduction of Grandfather Clauses ensured that many white voters retained their voting rights. The chapter explores landmark legal cases, notably Plessy v. Ferguson, which established the legal foundation for segregation through the "Separate but Equal" doctrine, impacting race relations for decades. It also touches on the struggle against lynching and the broader fight for civil rights amid rampant discrimination.

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Segregation and Discrimination

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  1. Segregation and Discrimination Chapter 8

  2. Voting Restrictions • Imposed new voting restrictions. • Limited the vote to people who could read. • Administered a literacy test • Officials could fail or pass them. • Poll Tax • Annual tax they had to pay before qualifying to vote. • Often too poor to pay. • Added Grandfather Clause to reinstate white voters. • Still entitled whites to vote. • Only eligible if father, or grandfather had been eligible before Jan 1. • January 1 • Important Date • Before that time freed slaves did not have the right to vote African Americans Fight Legal Discrimination

  3. 1870’s-1880’s • Supreme Court failed to overturn these restrictions. • Southern States passed segregation laws. • Public and Private Facilities • These laws became the JIM CROW LAWS! • Named after a minstrel song. • Allowed as long as they provided the same service. Jim Crow Laws

  4. 1896 • Supreme Court • Ruled that the separation of races in public accommodations was legal and did not violate the 14th Amendment. • Established the Doctrine of: • SEPARATE BUT EQUAL! • Permitted legalized racial segregation for almost 60 years. Plessy vs. Ferguson

  5. African Americans • Were belittled • Humiliated • Second-Class Citizens • Blacks/Whites never shook hands • Black men always had to remove their hats. • Yield to them while walking. • Booker T. Washington • Work together to achieve social reform. • Violence • Those who did not follow • Faced severe punishments • Lynching • Peaked in the 1880-1890 • Continued into the 20th century • Discrimination in the North • 1900- black began to move north • Forced into segregated neighborhoods Turn of the Century Race Relations

  6. Mexican Workers • Worked the Railroads for less money • Debt Peonage • Work off debt to the employer • Excluding the Chinese • 100,000 immigrants in 1880 • Were in segregated schools • Neighborhoods • Strong opposition to Chinese immigration developed, not only in the West. Discrimination In the West

  7. Mass Culture

  8. Amusement parks • Started in Chicago and New York • Ready for new forms of entertainment • Many cities built small playgrounds • Boosted picnic grounds • Variety of rides. • Bicycling and Tennis • Began as a male only sport • Eventually dropped the crossbar • Women now could ride bikes. • 1890- 10 million bikes were sold in one year. • Took up tennis as well • 1874- Americans will see their first tennis match. American Leisure

  9. Spectator Sports • Participated in new sports • Boxing and Baseball • Fans could attend • 20th century became profitable businesses • Baseball • Alexander Cartwright • Set down regulations on an English sport Rounder's. • Five years later • 50 groups • 12 in New York alone. • 1869 • Cincinnati Red Stockings • Led to the formation of the National League. • Had two Negro Leagues • Mark Twain: • “The very symbol…and visible expression of the drive and push and rush and struggle on the raging, tearing, booming 19th century”. Spectator Sportsand Baseball

  10. Mass Circulation of Newspapers • Joseph Pulitzer • Bought the New York World in 1883. • Did a large Sunday section • Comics • Sports coverage • Women’s news • William Randolph Hearst • Purchased New York Morning Journal • Sought to outdo Pulitzer • Pulitzer • Used exaggerated tales • Personal scandals • Cruelty • Hypnotism • Imaginary conquest of Mars????? • By 1898, circulation of both papers reached more than one million a day. Spread of Mass Culture

  11. 1900 • One art gallery graced every large city. • Thomas Eakins • Embraced realism • Portray life as it was. • Studied anatomy • Used painstaking geometric skills in his work. • Ashcan School • American Art School • Led by Student Robert Henri. • Were soon challenged by European Schools. • Used abstract art • Most found difficult to understand • Called the poor man’s university. • 1900’s free circulating libraries in America in the thousands. Promoting Fine Arts

  12. Literacy Rates Rose • Scholars debated the role of literature. • Most preferred to read light fiction. • Dime novels • Glorified adventure tales • Some readers wanted a more realistic portrayal of life. • Mark Twain • American classics of literature. • Huckleberry Finn • Art galleries and libraries to raise cultural standards. Popular Fiction

  13. Urban Shopping • Gazing in window displays • The Department Store • Less expensive but reliable • The Chain Store • Woolworths • Advertising • Billboards, houses, rocks, barns • Catalogs and RFD • RFD- system that brought packages to your home, • Sears New Ways to Sell Goods

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