Segregation and Discrimination

1. Segregation and Discrimination Chapter 21 Section 3

2. Racial Discrimination • Different treatment on the basis of race. • Slavery was often the basis for racial discrimination, leading many whites to believe they were naturally superior. • This attitude was focused on Asians, Native Americans, and Latin Americans as well. • Science of Eugenics was pushed by racists.

3. Southern Racism • Racism became most obvious in the South (but did occur in the North as well). • As Reconstruction ended and Federal troops were withdrawn (1877), the South turned to restricting African American rights. • This began with voting rights.

4. Restriction of Voting Rights • Southern states passed laws requiring literacy and reading tests, as well as poll taxes. • Sometimes tests would be written in Latin, or have no actual correct answer. • Poll taxes were effective because most blacks were too poor to pay the tax (excluded poor whites as well).

5. Voter Turnout • Was literacy/reading tests and poll taxes actually successful? • A: Black voter turnout in Louisiana: • 1896 – 130,334 • 1904 – 1,342

6. Grandfather Clause • Added to state constitutions to keep poor whites from losing voting rights. • Stated: A man could vote if ancestor, such as grandfather, was eligible to vote before 1867. • Why would 1867 be chosen as the set-date?

7. Jim Crow South • Laws meant to enforce segregation(separation of whites and blacks). • Segregation was enforced in public places: - schools - trolley’s - restrooms

8. Plessy v. Ferguson • Homer Plessy sued a railroad company arguing segregated seating violated his 14th Amendment right to “equal protection of the laws.” • Ferguson’s case reached Supreme Court in 1896. • Court rules against Ferguson, stating that “separate but equal” did not violate 14th Amendment.

9. African American Leaders:Booker T. Washington • Early leader and teacher in the effort for black equality. • Founded the Tuskegee Institute in Alabama (1881). • To gain white support for T.I., he did not openly challenge segregation.

10. W.E.B. Du Bois • First African American to earn a doctorate (Harvard). • Disagreed with Washington and encouraged blacks to integrate (be included). • Founded the NAACP with other reformers.

11. Ida B. Wells • Journalist from Memphis who led fight against lynching. • Was threatened to be lynched in Memphis and moved to Chicago to continue her work.

12. Lynching & Southern Violence

13. George Meadows • Alleged murderer and rapist. • Lynched on the spot of his last crime (vigilante justice) in Alabama, 1889.

14. Northern Racism • Many blacks move north to escape racial violence. • North is not segregated; however, blacks still discriminated against (by affluent blacks also). - Segregated housing and neighborhoods - Denied good jobs

15. Western Racism • Chinese laborers would receive lower wages than white workers for same work • Rock Springs, Wyoming incident: - White laborers refuse to work with Chinese in same mine. - White workers burn down Chinese buildings, killing 28 and wounding 15.

16. Society and Mass Culture Chapter 21 Section 4

17. Education and Publishing • Immigration leads to rapid growth in school. • Between 1880 and 1920: children attending school doubles. • Number of schools during this time rises from 2,526 to 14,326.

18. American Literacy • Growing education promotes literacy and the interest in reading. - Dime Novels (Romance, Adventure, Mythical West) - Newspapers

19. Both were fierce competitors that added spectacular stories, special features (comics, sports), and advertisingBoth also took part in yellow journalism: reporting that provides little or no factual evidence, instead using large pictures and absurd headlines to catch attention. New York World New York Morning Journal William Randolph Hearst • Joseph Pulitzer

20. Yellow Journalism Present 1898

21. Modern Advertising • Cereal, soap, jewelry were common advertisements • Some played on people’s fears, such as health and beauty products. • New inventions were also advertised, such as washing machines (marketed more toward women).

22. Jonteel Face Cream (1900) • Face cream that claims to “soften, heal, and beautify”.

23. Consumer Goods • Department stores sold clothing, furniture, and hardware. • Mail-order catalogs shipped goods to customers who did not live near a department store. • This is especially important to rural consumers.

24. Urban Parks Central Park, NY City Opened in 1876 • The number of leisure activities increased. • Parks helped bring a nature type atmosphere to urban landscapes.

25. Amusement Parks and Fairs • Most amusement parks included food vendors, shops, and roller coasters. • World’s fairs were held in Philadelphia, Chicago, St. Louis, and San Francisco (1876-1916). • Used to present new technology, such as Alexander Graham Bell’s new telephone (1876).

26. Spectator Sports • Baseball, football, boxing, and others became popular during this time. • Racial discrimination kept African Americans from playing baseball and were forced to form their own leagues.

27. Vaudeville and Ragtime • Vaudeville: was a mix of songs, dance, and comedy leading to a climactic ending. • Ragtime: blend of African American and European songs and musical forms. • Silent Movies: began to compete with live entertainment in the early 20th century (referred to as nickelodeons).