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Evaluating Accountability in Air Quality Management: Local and National Policy Effectiveness

This presentation assesses accountability in air quality management, focusing on the effectiveness of local and national policies. It discusses the necessity of accountability in understanding the impact of air quality measures, explores methodologies for conducting accountability studies, and provides case studies such as the Irish coal bans and London's Low Emission Zone. Key topics include emissions modeling, pollutant monitoring, health effects assessment, and real-world interventions. The integration of atmospheric science and human health responses highlights the complexities in managing air quality effectively.

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Evaluating Accountability in Air Quality Management: Local and National Policy Effectiveness

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  1. Accountability in Air Quality Management - Assessing the Effectiveness of Local and National Policies Benjamin Barratt, King’s College London

  2. Accountability in air qualitymanagement - assessing the effectiveness of local and national policies Ben Barratt, King’s College London A Clearer Future Conference, 22nd September 2010

  3. Contents • What is Accountability? • Why do we need Accountability? • How can we carry out an Accountability Study? • Some examples • Conclusions and advice

  4. IMPROVED ACTION Regulatory or other action Emissions Compliance, effectiveness Atmospheric transport, chemical transformation and deposition Ambient air quality Human time-activity patterns in relation to indoor and outdoor air quality. Uptake, deposition clearance, retention in body Exposure / dose Susceptibility factors; physiologic mechanisms of damage and repair Human health response What is Accountability? Regulatory or other action Emissions Ambient air quality Exposure / dose Human health response From HEI, 2003

  5. Why do we need accountability? • Atmospheric science is complicated and difficult to predict. • People are even more complicated and difficult to predict! • Very little proof of how effective our AQM actions are. • Was the policy successful in reducing concentrations? • What area was affected? • Were there unexpected effects? • Was it financially/socially/(politically) worthwhile? • How could it be improved/evolved? • Forming a body of evidence

  6. We need accountability because...

  7. We need accountability because...

  8. How do we carry out a study? • A) Emissions modelling • Most commonly used method, often in planning stage • Use modelling to influence the policy – scenario testing • Depends on good emissions inventories • B) Pollutant monitoring • More difficult but essential until body of evidence established • What areas are likely to experience the greatest effect? • What are the target pollutants? • Is there sufficient traffic and pollutant monitoring in place in these locations or is more required? • Monitoring should commence well in advance of implementation.

  9. How do we carry out a study? • C) Health effects assessment • Very difficult! Only for large or very targeted schemes • Exposure / Dose response can be implied from other data or directly monitored using sample population. • Health Response can be assessed using hospital records, GP databases, questionnaires • Established risk factors for certain pollutants, i.e., estimated change in number of deaths per 10 µg m-3 change in the pollutant concentration.

  10. Example accountability studies • National policy - Irish coal bans • Localised policy/intervention – waste transfer site • TiO2 coatings – a solution to all our NO2 problems? • Pre-planned study – London Low Emission Zone

  11. Dublin coal bans (black smoke) Source: Dockery et al, 2010 (in preparation)

  12. Interventions at waste transfer site (PM10) Source: Barratt & Fuller, 2008

  13. Interventions at waste transfer site (PM10) Source: Barratt & Fuller, 2008

  14. Camden TiO2 Paint trial • A oxidising additive the reacts with NO and NO2, therefore seen as a ‘silver bullet’ for NO2 problems. • Many flawed studies but very little robust evidence in the real world. • Three year study within a courtyard in central London

  15. Camden TiO2 Paint trial • Continuous measurements of NO, NO2 and NOX at 0.1 m & 1.5 m from the painted wall. • ‘Paint effect’ quantified by comparing concentrations recorded by each analyser and other surrounding analysers prior to and following the intervention. • Three phases: • Co-location (both inlets at 1.5 m): 7 weeks. • Pre-intervention (inlets separated, no paint): 16 months. • Post intervention (inlets separated, paint): 9 months.

  16. Camden TiO2 Paint trial • Diurnal variation in controlled NOX (NW sector only) • Change occurs in August, not at intervention in April

  17. Camden TiO2 Paint trial • Will NOX concentrations increase again?...

  18. London LEZ full accountability study • Modelled scenarios • Monitoring network – pollution and traffic • Compliance data • Pollutant analysis, including particle metrics • Toxicity • Health response studies

  19. London LEZ study – modelled scenarios

  20. LEZ study – monitoring network Source: Barratt et al, 2009

  21. London LEZ study - compliance rates Source: Barratt et al, 2009

  22. LEZ study - Reduction in CBLK Source: Barratt et al, 2009

  23. London LEZ study - vehicle flows Cars & Taxis HGVs Source: Barratt et al, 2009

  24. London LEZ study – PM2.5& CBLK Weekdays Weekends Source: Barratt et al, 2009

  25. London LEZ study – EXHALE • Sampling of year 4 children in ten East London primary schools. • Annual 2008 – 2012 • 150 children • Spirometry, exhaled nitric oxide, questionnaire, buccal swab, urine, induced sputum, saliva.

  26. Accountability in climate change • Urban CO2 monitoring network for London. • Assessing the effectiveness of vehicle-related CO2 reduction initiatives.

  27. Some practical advice • LAQM process is now at the action stage – take accountability seriously or we may all bark up the wrong tree! • Planning is required, but a lot can be achieved with a well planned study. • Use targeted monitoring, including traffic data for traffic schemes, active well in advance of implementation. • Accessible analysis methods are being developed to assist you – e.g., openair (openair-project.org), CUSUM. • A body of evidence for LAQM options will follow.

  28. benjamin.barratt@kcl.ac.uk020 7848 4034 Thank you For more specific advice & method explanation:

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