1. Themes of the 20th Century

3. 1. New Technologies in Transportation and Communication

5. 2. Tripling of the “Non West” Population

7. 3. Decline of the West as a colonial power

8. Communism Marxism New Nationalism Fundamentalism

9. 4. New Ideologies challenge traditional orders

11. 5. Accelerated Changes for women in the western world

13. 6. Decreases in birthrates in the Industrialized/ Western World

14. Country Govt. 1900 Govt. 2000 Germany monarchy Republic Russia monarchy Republic China Dynasty Communist Egypt Protectorate Republic India Colony Socialist Republic Vietnam Colony Communist Israel Colony Republic

15. 7. Political and economic formation -nearly every country had a different form of government in 1900 than it does today

16. 8. Changes in the power structure 1900 Landed Aristocracy 2000 Upper Middle Class

17. Causes of World War I“The Great War”

19. M A I N A T I O N A L I S M L L I A N CE S M P E R A L I S M I L I T A R I S M

20. Causes of World War I M A I N

21. Cause 1: Massive buildup of armies Obsession with security/product of nationalism Arms race Militarism

22. Examples of… • Brit. and Ger. build massive navies.

23. Cause 2: Europe was divided into 2 armed alliances Pledged absolute support System of Alliances • Created a domino effect

24. Triple EntenteTriple Alliance Allies Central Powers Examples of… Germany Austria Ottoman Britain Russia France *Italy switches sides mid way through the war Serbia

25. Triple Alliance/Central Powers Triple Entente/Allies Neutrals Ottoman

26. Cause 3: Competition over acquiring colonies Portugal Spain Italy France Germany Belgium British Dutch Imperialism

27. Examples of… • Scramble for Africa • Creating spheres of Influences in China

28. Cause 4: Countries placing their own interest above cooperation Nation-states develop fierce rivalries Nationalism

29. Examples of… -Ger. matching Brit. Indust. output -Southeast Europe (Balkans) • Three Empires claimed • it • Ethnic groups desired independence

30. World War I Begins • June 28, 1914, Serb nationalist GavriloPrincep (member of the Black Hand society) assassinates Austrian Franz Ferdinand Don’t write next part – See your timeline + reading • Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia • Russia sends troops to assist Serbia • Germany declares war on Russia & France • England enters on side of Russia & France • WW I is on!!

31. Sarajevo To execute its initial plan, Germany declares war on France. France reciprocates

32. Russia Britain Germany Austria-Hungary France Serbia Ottoman Empire What military dilemma do the Central Powers (red), especially Germany, face at the onset of war? Who should the Central Powers concentrate on first?

33. Opening Stages of World War I German General Alfred Von Schlieffen Schlieffen Plan – German war plan • Attack France 1st then Russia German Emperor Kaiser Wilhelm II

34. Russia Germany Britain Austria-Hungary Paris * France Serbia Ottoman Empire

35. Rationale for Schlieffen Plan • France was the greater threat • Russia would be slower to mobilize (lack of RRs) • Avoid 2 Front War • Quickly end the war… • Hoping Britain remained neutral Fed romantic view: “War over by Christmas”

36. What happened? Results • Belgium fighters slow Ger. advance • Britain enters war • Brit./ Fr. forces stop Ger. advance at Marne River

37. Bloody Stalemate Along the Western Front *Stalemate = little to no gain for either side = deadlock • Conflict grinds to a halt • Sept. 1914 – Battle of the Marne “Taxi Cab Battle” • Protect Paris; stop Schlieffen Plan • Germans fail to advance; both sides dig in • Russia attacks in east= 2-front war for Germany

39. War in the Trenches • 500 miles of trench • Gains are yards not miles • Miserable conditions • New tech = more death; machine gun, gas, tanks • Feb.-July 1916: Battles of Verdun and Somme = high losses for little gain

40. What is Trench Warfare?

41. War on the Eastern Front • CPs gain Advantage • Ger. & Aust. push Russians back • Russia’s War Efforts Weaken • Not industrialized – lacked necessities of war • Only advantage = large pop. for army

42. Gallipoli Campaign against Ottomans 1915-16 • Failed Brit. & Fr. attempt to take Istanbul • Heavy Allied losses • 1st major Allied use of Aust. & New Zea. Troops • ** Strengthened Turkish nationalist movement

43. Later Stages of WWI Russia - 1917 - Vladimir Lenin & Bolsheviks stage Communist Revolution – End Romanov dynasty - Formed the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (U.S.S.R.) - Ends the “Tsar's War” Vladimir Lenin Tsar Nicholas II

44. Brest-Litovsk Treaty = Soviet & Ger. agreement to end fighting. - Ger. gets western Russian lands

45. 1918 – Last year of War Last Year of War = Military race - Allies = get Americans across Atlantic & into the fight, vs…. - Germany (CPs) = Transfer eastern troops to west to end war first

46. Final German Push - Germans attempt to break Allied lines - Failed; Allied counterattack defeats Germans

47. Allied Counterattack Ends War

48. Allies Win! - Paris Peace Conference – Allies create treaties to deal with defeated CPs (1919-1920) - Conference divided between U.S. idealism (Pres. Wilson’s 14 Points) & European revenge

49. Results of Conference - Austria-Hungary = 2 states - New nations formed - Ottoman Empire dismantled into Mandates - Mandate = territory whose control transferred from one country to another. - Established League of Nations goal = avoid future wars. - not military league - U.S. does not join.

50. Soviet Union 3. What issues/conflicts are likely to emerge as a result of the new map created in 1919? 2. In what region of Europe did most of the changes take place?