Foundations of Correctional Law: Principles and Precedents

1. Chapter 5 The Law of Corrections

2. bases of correctional law • constitution • fundamental law for federal government & for each state, containing a design for government & basic rights of individuals • statute • laws passed by legislative authority • eg, California corrections: Title 15 • caselaw • legal rules produced by judicial decisions • administrativeregulations • created by governmental agencies • Goal: to implement details of agency and the law as it pertains to agency operations

3. definition “precedent” legal rules created by judicial decisions, which serve to guide decisions of other judges in subsequent similar cases

4. definition hands-off policy • a judicial policy of noninterference in the internal administration of prisons • Ruffin v. Commonwealth (Virginia, 1871) “The prisoner has, as a consequence of his crime, not only forfeited his liberty, but all his personal rights except those which the law in its humanity accords to him. He is for the time being the slave of the state.”

5. the end of “hands-off” • Cooper v. Pate (US, 1964) • prisoners in state & local institutions are entitled to protections of §1983 of the Civil Rights Act of 1871 (42 USC 1983), which imposes civil liability on anyone who denies another of the latter’s constitutional rights. • “civil liability” • responsibility for compensating another for the denial of the latter’s rights • award for damages may be awarded to a plaintiff in a civil action • §1983 = most common avenue for challenging jail & prison conditions

6. definition “habeus corpus” a judicial order (called a “writ”) requesting that a person holding another person produce the prisoner and give reasons to justify continued confinement • “you have the body”

7. legal doctrines controlling correctional rulings “least restrictive method” a principle which requires officials to select that administrative remedy for any problem so that the remedy constitutes the least possible threat to personal rights and represents the least invasive means of solving the problem

8. legal doctrines controlling correctional rulings “compelling state interest” a principle which requires the government to have a significant, legitimate, and persuasive (i.e., compelling”) reason for wanting to impose a regulation before it may create or impose a condition, rule, or procedure

9. legal doctrines controlling correctional rulings ... “clear and present danger” a principle which allows officials to infringe on rights arguably protected by the 1st Amendment, in cases when the threat to security or the safety of individuals is so obvious that it constitutes a “clear and present danger” that cannot be ignored

10. legal doctrines controlling correctional ruling “rational basis test” a principle which requires that a regulation constitute a reasonable and rational method of advancing a legitimate penological interest or institutional goal.

11. Procunier v. Martinez, 1974 mail censorship permitted only for prison security Turner v. Safley, 1987 inmate-inmate mail can be prohibited; restriction must be related to legit. interests. Thornburgh v. Abbott, 1989 warden may reject incoming publications, based on security concerns 1st Amendment rights 1st Amendment speech religion • Fulwood v. Clemmer, 1962 • Muslim faith is legitimate • Gittlemacker v. Prasse, 1970 • state not required to provide clergy • Cruz v. Beto, 1972 • unconventional religions-Buddhism-ok • Kahane v. Carlson, 1975 • Orthodox Jews right to religious diet • Theriault v. Carlson, 1977 • scam religions not protected • O’Lone v. Estate of Shabazz, 1987 • work may properly interfere with religious practices

12. 4th Amendment rights protection against unreasonable searches and seizures • Lanza v. New York, 1962 • conversations recorded in a jail visitor’s room not protected by 4th Amendment • US v. Hitchcock, 1972 • warrantless search of cell is not unreasonable; evidence is admissible • Bell v. Wolfish, 1979 • strip searches, esp. after visits ok, when need for searches outweighs personal rights invaded • Hudson v. Palmer, 1984 • Officials may search cells without a warrant, seize materials

13. 8th Amendment rights protection against excessive bail & fines, andcruel & unusual punishment • Ruiz v. Estelle, 1975 • Texas prison system unconstitutional • Estelle v. Gamble, 1976 • Deliberate indifference to serious medical needs = “unnecessary and wanton infliction of pain” • Rhodes v. Chapman, 1981 • double-celling & crowding ≠ cruel & unusual. Standard = “wanton & unnecessary infliction of pain”; & condition must be “grossly disproportionate” to the severity of the crime • Whitley v. Albers, 1986 • shooting inmate in leg during riot ≠ C&U (if in good faith) • Wilson v. Seiter, 1991 • prisoners must show that objectively C&U conditions exist due to “deliberate indifference of officials”

14. definition “totality of conditions” • the aggregate of circumstances in a correctional facility that, when considered as a whole, may violate the protections of the 8th Amendment, even though any single condition does not violate such guarantees • Pugh v. Locke (Alabama, 1976)

15. no agent or instrumentality of government will use any procedures to arrest, prosecute, try, or punish any person, other than those proceduresprescribed by law 14th Amendment rights 14th Amendment due process equal protection the law will be applied equallyto all persons, without regard to individual characteristics as gender, race, and religion

16. 14th Amendment rights guarantee of due process & equal protection of the laws • Wolff v. McDonnell, 1974 • basic elements of due process must be present in prison disciplinary proceedings • Baxter v. Palmigiano, 1976 • no right to counsel in prison disciplinary proceedings • Vitek v. Jones, 1980 • involuntary transfer of prisoner to mental hospital requires hearing & minimal elements of due process like notice and counsel • Sandin v. Conner, 1995 • transfer to disciplinary segregation is not the type of atypical, significant deprivation that requires due process protections outlined in Wolff

17. definition “ombudsman” • a public official who investigates complaints against government officials and recommends corrective measures

18. definition “mediation” • vehicle for dispute resolution, in which the parties in conflict submit their differences to a third party for resolution, and whose decision (in the correctional setting) is binding on both parties

19. Morrissey v. Brewer, 1972 • parole revocation process must include basic elements of due process

20. Gagnon v. Scarpelli, 1973 • probation revocation process must include basic elements of due process

21. Greenholtz v. Inmates(Neb. Penal & Corr. Complex), 1979 • there is no right to parole or to be conditionally release prior to expiration ofsentence

22. Monell v. Dept. Social Services (NY city), 1979 • individual officers AND the agency may be sued when a person’s civil rights are violated by the agency’s “customs and usages” (including poor training and supervision)

23. Booth v. Churner, 2001 • prisoner seeking monetary damages must first complete prison administrative processes before filing lawsuit

24. Prison Litigation Reform Act, 1966 • restricted number of §1983 lawsuits • # has dropped by nearly 50% since enactment, despite increase in prison population • gives greater deference to prison administrators in operation of facilities • prohibits filing of additional lawsuits if previous 3 were dismissed as frivolous