1. From Settler Colonies to Resource Exploitation Differences in Colonization

2. What is a Settler Colony? • Occurred when European family units moved into a region in large numbers • Intent is to replace native population with a new population of people • Key resource (pull factor) is the availability of land & economic opportunities • Push Factors • Overpopulation back in Europe

3. EXAMPLES OF SETTLER COLONIES

4. South Africa • Originally settled by farmers and ranchers from the Netherlands (Boers/Afrikaners) • Contact with native Xhosa tribes led to near extinction of the Africans, who didn’t have resistance to disease from the Dutch Europeans • British take control of the tip of Africa in 1806 • Abolition of slavery in 1833 leads to eastward migration of Afrikaners (aka: Dutch voortrekkers) who would fight with the Zulu people under their leader, Shaka Zulu • Diamonds and Gold • Discovery of diamonds (1867) and gold (1886) deposits lead to British miner migrations • Led to South African War b/t British and Dutch Afrikaners • Reconciliation b/t Afrikaners and British was reached and the Union of South Africa was formed which had whites control all native black Africans.

5. Australia • Native Aborigine population was a foraging/fishing society • Considered savages by the British • 1770, James Cook claims Australia Britain on his voyages • Originally settled as a penal colony • 200 free settlers • 800 convicts • Decline of Aboriginal Population • Infectious disease • Forced resettlement • Removal of children • Destruction of culture • As number of white British settlers increased, Aboriginal population was forced off land and pushed into the interior (the Outback)

6. French Algeria 1830-1962 • Coastal region was considered an integral part of France • Natives (largely Ottoman Muslims) pushed out as Europeans moved in • Colonized by • peasants/working-class poor from Italy, Spain, and France • political exiles and convicts from France • Napoleon III • Respected natives and tried to prevent contact/exploitation by limiting settlement to the coast • French officials disagreed • Continued to grant land to colons • Goal was to provide land for wheat production • Tribal leaders sold land to turn a quick profit • Series of losses in Europe led to further colonization and subjugation of Muslims

7. NON-SETTLER COLONIES • What is it? • A colony with very few white European settlers

8. Example of a non-settler Colony

9. Belgian Congo Belgian Congo • Colonized under King Leopold II – forced local chiefs to sign treaties giving up power at gunpoint • Non settlement colony (in 1900, just over 1,000 Belgians lived in Congo, whose territory was 80x larger than all of Belgium itself) • Based on resource/labor exploitation • Rubber tree plantations • Forced labor • Cruel treatment of natives, high taxes • As many as 4-8 million native Congalesedied as a result

10. Territorial Expansion • Attempts to imitate Tran-Oceanic expansion occurred • United States • Ideology of Manifest Destiny caused US gov’t and settlers to push natives off of their land as land & expansion to the Pacific took place • Russia • Relied on serfdom/agriculture • Serfdom abolished in 1861, but the system of oppression of peasants didn’t really end • Attempting to expand territory East to the Pacific & South to gain…Warm Water Ports! • Push for Industrialization • Trans-Siberian Railroad • Opened Siberia for settlement • Began producing steel, coal, and petroleum