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DNA/RNA/Protein Synthesis

DNA/RNA/Protein Synthesis. All illustrations in this presentation were obtained from Google.com. Gri ff ith F for failing to find genetic material! F for finding : . TRANS F ORMATION. He found that good bacteria are changed into bad bacteria with transfer of some “factor.”.

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DNA/RNA/Protein Synthesis

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  1. DNA/RNA/Protein Synthesis All illustrations in this presentation were obtained from Google.com

  2. GriffithF for failing to find genetic material!F for finding: TRANSFORMATION He found that good bacteria are changed into bad bacteria with transfer of some “factor.”

  3. Avery actually found DNA is the “factor” that caused good bacteria to change into bad bacteria Remember: Avery got an “A” for finding DNA

  4. Rosalind Franklin used X-rays to determine what DNA really looked like.She died from too much radiation 

  5. Watson & Crick discovered the shape of the DNA molecule and were awarded the Nobel Prize.

  6. Hershey & Chase used radioactive bacteriophages (viruses) to confirm the genetic material being transferred was DNAHint: Bacteriophages “chase” bacteria Bacteriophage (Virus) Bacteria Cell

  7. Hershey & Chase

  8. % of Adenine = % Thymine % Cytosine = % Guanine CHARGAFF Chargoff’s Rule of BASE PAIRING!

  9. A, T, C, G Hint: You “Pee Urine” (purine) in an outhouse attached to the main house Hint: Cystine and Thymine have “Y” in their names like Pyrimidine House Out-house

  10. DeoxyriboNucleic Acid

  11. What is the shape of the DNA molecule called? DOUBLE HELIX 2 sides like a ladder

  12. DNA carries the genetic code to make proteins (amino acid chain)

  13. What is the name of the sugar that is in DNA? Deoxyribose

  14. What is the difference between the DNA in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes? DNA in a Prokaryote is a long loop found in the cytoplasm DNA in a Eukaryote is individual chromosomes in the nucleus

  15. What specific structures carry the genetic code in the nucleus? Chromosomes

  16. Name the 3 parts of a DNA nucleotide (building block / monomer) 1. Phosphate Group 2. 5-Carbon Sugar (Deoxyribose)3. Nitrogen Base (A, T, C, or G) 1 3 2

  17. Why is DNA Replication important? Must have 2 identical strands of DNA Each has one original strand and one new strand Cell Division!

  18. DNA Replication Original double helix unzips/unwinds DNA Polymerase attaches to make new strand of DNA 2 New strands of DNA are created with complimentary nitrogen bases (A-T, C-G) Two identical double helix DNAs are formed each with one original strand and one new strand

  19. What are the complimentary bases for the new DNA strand after replication? C G G T A T G A T original strand l l l l l l l l l G C C A T A C T A new strand Hydrogen Bonds Hydrogen bonds hold the nitrogen bases together to form the “steps of the ladder”

  20. Histone This is the protein that DNA wraps around to coil up!

  21. List 3 Similarities and Differences DNA RNA Similarities Both are Nucleic Acids Sugar Phosphate Backbones A, C, G nitrogen Bases Differences Deoxyribose Sugar Ribose Sugar Thymine base Uracil base Double Helix Single Strand

  22. RNA Remember: RNA loves “U”

  23. mRNA- messenger RNA - brings genetic code for proteins from DNA to ribosome (recipe)tRNA – transfer RNA -brings amino acids to ribosomes (sous chef)rRNA – ribosomal RNA- (ribosome) makes the protein (chef)

  24. What does RNA stand for ?Ribonucleic Acid2. How many different kinds are there?3- mRNA, tRNA, rRNA3. What is RNA’s function?To make proteins4. What sugar is in RNA?Ribose sugar5.Where is RNA found? In the cytoplasm mtRNA rRNA mmRNA

  25. What is the whole process of making proteins that includes transcription & translation called? PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

  26. List the steps to make mRNA “TRANSCRIPTION” In the nucleus, DNA unzips RNA Polymerase binds to DNA at promoter region RNA Polymerase reads DNA genetic code (nitrogen bases) and makes complimentary mRNA and edits it mRNA goes out of nucleus through pores

  27. When RNA Polymerase is editing the mRNA during transcription, what is kept in the mRNA and what is edited (cut) out? Exons – Good - keep! Introns – Bad - get rid of it!

  28. List the steps to make protein “TRANSLATION” (comes LATer) In the cytoplasm, rRNA attaches to mRNA rRNA reads mRNA beginning at the AUG “START codon” Each tRNA brings 1 amino acid to ribosome that has an anti-codon to mRNA codon until it reads a “STOP” codon Amino acids join to form polypeptide chain = PROTEIN Polypeptide Chain = PROTEIN Amino Acid tRNA mRNA rRNA ribosome

  29. What is the 3 base code on the mRNA called? Codon

  30. How many amino acidsare there? 20 How many different codons code for those amino acids? 64 Remember: Each tRNA only brings 1 amino acid to the ribosome 1 codon = 1 amino acid 3 nitrogen bases = 1 codon

  31. Can you Translatethis mRNA ? A U G U G C G U C U A A

  32. What is a gene mutation? Change in nucleotide sequence

  33. Substitution = Point Mutation (gene)Deletion = Frame Shift Mutation (gene)Insertion = Frame Shift Mutation (gene) Inversion = Chromosomal Mutation I bet he can catch 3x more flies!

  34. POINT MUTATION

  35. What type of gene mutation is it when insertion or deletion takes place?FRAME SHIFT MUTATION

  36. chromosomal mutations

  37. HOX Genes control the basic plan for where cells, tissues and organs are to go in an embryo (organism)

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