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Social Norms and Helping

Social Norms and Helping. Norm of Reciprocity - We feel obligated to help people who have helped us. Norm of Reciprocity and Helping. Social Norms and Helping (Cont.). Norm of Reciprocity - We feel obligated to help people who have helped us.

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Social Norms and Helping

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  1. Social Norms and Helping • Norm of Reciprocity - We feel obligated to help people who have helped us.

  2. Norm of Reciprocity and Helping

  3. Social Norms and Helping (Cont.) • Norm of Reciprocity - We feel obligated to help people who have helped us. • Qualified by Norm of Equity - The overbenefited should help the underbenefited • Norm of Social Responsibility - We should help those who need us. • Qualified by Norm of Justice - We should help those who deserve it.

  4. Good Mood and Helping • People in a good mood are more likely to help • The cookie study • The dime in the phone booth study • One catch it wears off quickly

  5. Good Mood and Helping(Wears Off with Time)

  6. Good Mood and Helping • How does it work • Positive thoughts • Mood maintenance

  7. Bad Mood and Helping • People in a bad mood are also more likely to help • Guilt in particular seems to motivate helping • The Lie Study • Other bad moods also increase helping (sometimes) • Helping boosts people’s mood • But if mood is improved in another way bad mood doesn’t improve helping • It doesn’t workfor children • Suggests that helping provides an internal gratification

  8. Empathy and Helping • Other’s distress leads to two emotional responses • one’s own distress • empathy - compassion for the other person • This leads to two motivations • motive to reduce own’s own distress • motive to help the other person • This leads to two behavioral responses • attempt to reduce own’s distress - leave • attempt to help the other person - stay

  9. Batson, Duncan, Ackerman, Buckley, & Birch (1981) Experiment • The Setup • Confederate receiving shock • Participant observing • The Independent Variables • Increased empathy with the victim • Opportunity to leave the experiment • The findings

  10. Results of Batson, et al., 1981

  11. Empathy and HelpingSummary of Batson’s Model

  12. Schaller & Cialdini (1988) - A Challenge to Batson’s Model • The Setup - • Participants listened to a tape supposedly from a fellow student in need of help. • The Independent variable - • Increased empathy with the victim • They expected to listen to neutral or mood-enhancing information, or be given the opportunity to help • The results -

  13. Schaller & Cialdini (1988) results

  14. So, Are We Altruistic or Not? • Cialdini and colleagues argue that an egoistic interpretation cannot be ruled out. • Nevertheless, it seems that crass egoism can be distinguished from helping that is at least partially motivated by the desire to help the other.

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