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Multiple Sclerosis

Multiple Sclerosis. Concept Map: Selected Topics in Neurological Nursing. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY Traumatic Brain Injury Spinal Cord Injury Specific Disease Entities : Amyotropic Lateral Sclerosis Multiple Sclerosis Huntington’s Disease Alzheimer’s Disease

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Multiple Sclerosis

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  1. Multiple Sclerosis

  2. Concept Map: Selected Topics in Neurological Nursing PATHOPHYSIOLOGY Traumatic Brain Injury Spinal Cord Injury Specific Disease Entities: Amyotropic Lateral Sclerosis Multiple Sclerosis Huntington’s Disease Alzheimer’s Disease Huntington’s Disease Myasthenia Gravis Guillian-Barre’ Syndrome Meningitis Parkinson’s Disease ASSESSMENT Physical Assessment Inspection Palpation Percussion Auscultation ICP Monitoring “Neuro Checks” Lab Monitoring PHARMACOLOGY --Decrease ICP --Disease / Condition Specific Meds Care Planning Plan for client adl’s, Monitoring, med admin., Patient education, more…based On Nursing Process: A_D_P_I_E Nursing Interventions & Evaluation Execute the care plan, evaluate for Efficacy, revise as necessary

  3. Multiple Sclerosis • Progressive • Degenerative • No Cure • Affects nerve fibers in the brain and spinal cord • Most common neurological cause of debilitation in young people (ages20 - 40)

  4. Pathology • Probablyautoimmunedisease • Antibodies and white blood cells attack the proteins in the neuron’s myelin sheath

  5. Inflammation and injury to the sheath and ultimately to the nerves that it surrounds

  6. What’s in a Name? Multiple areas of scarring… + Hardening (Sclerosis) of nerve fibers...usually in spinal cord, brain stem and optic nerves

  7. Risk Factors… • More women than men • More common in Caucasians • Children of parents with MS have a higher rate of incidence (15 – 50% depending on data source) • Geographic location --- Cold climate…?

  8. Northern Europe and the northern United States have the highest prevalence, with more than 30 cases per 100,000 people

  9. Diagnosis Based on the presence of CNS lesions that are disseminatedin time and space (neurologic dysfunction in more than 2 sites at least one month apart), with no better explanation for the disease process Because no single test is totally reliable in identifying MS, and a variety of conditions can mimic the disease, diagnosis depends on clinical features supplemented by the findings of certain studies such as: -MRI(visualize plaques) - CSF analysis (increases protein and slight increase WBCs) - Evoked potentials (define extent of disease and monitors)

  10. "Turbo FLAIR" MRI

  11. Disease Progression – Erratic ! • Because different nerves are affected at different times, MS symptoms often worsen (exacerbate), improve, and develop in different areas of the body • This disease is unpredictable and varies in severity

  12. Hallmark Characteristics… • Intermittentdamage to myelin…intermittent severity • Scarring and sclerosis of nerve fibers usually in the spinal cord, brain stem, and optic nerves…

  13. Common S & S’s • Fatigue - Muscle Weakness • Muscle Spasticity - Dysarthria • Ataxia = Balance + Coordination difficulty (dizziness / vertigo / spasticity of extremities) • Lhermitte's sign (Electrical sensation down the spine on neck flexion) • Dysphagia - Tinnitis • Uhthoff’s Sign (Exertion or Heat causes sudden exacerbation of S&S) • Numbness, tingling (Paresthesia) -Pain • Bowel, bladder and sexual dysfunction • Vision Disturbances (Blurring, blindness, diplopia, patchy blindness)

  14. “Dysarthria” • "Slurred" speech • Speaking softly or barely able to whisper • Slow rate of speech • Rapid rate of speech with a "mumbling" quality • Limited tongue, lip, and jaw movement • Abnormal intonation (rhythm) when speaking • Changes in vocal quality ("nasal" speech or sounding "stuffy") • Hoarseness • Breathiness • Drooling or poor control of saliva • Chewing and swallowing difficulty

  15. Common S & S’s • Emotionally labile • Depression (suicide increased 7.5%, usually in first 5 years)

  16. Course of Disease MS can progress steadily… or cause acute attacks (exacerbation) followed by partial or complete reduction in symptoms (remission)

  17. Increasing severity … maybe minor plateaus or remissions Returns to baseline + recovery 85% 10-20%

  18. Collaborative Tx Goals • Control symptoms • Prevent complications • Provide adaptive devices to increase mobility and self-care

  19. Meds specific for MS disease • Avonex IMWeekly (interferon beta – 1a) • BetaseronSQDaily (interferon beta 1b) • CopaxoneSQDaily • Rebif SQgiven 3 x week

  20. Symptom Management Meds • Baclofen / Dantrium (for spasms) • NSAIDS(for flu-like side effects and pain) • Analgesics • Corticosteroids(limit severity by modulating immune response which decreases inflammation) • Antidepressants (like Prozac) • Beta blockers for tremors (like Inderal) • Anticonvulsants for parethesia (like Tegretol) • Anticholinergics for bladder dysfunction (Pro-Banthine)

  21. Complications • Bacterial infections (lung, bladder) • Disturbed thought processes • Impaired bladder & bowel function • Contractures • Seizures • Impaired mobility / speech / swallowing • Sensory & visual impairment

  22. Prognosis • In some people, MS is a mild illness, but, for others, it results in permanent disability • Most patients have a normal lifespan

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