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Sectional Differences

Sectional Differences. Chapter 7: Section 2. Objectives. Analyze why industrialization took root in the northern part of the US. Describe the impact of industrialization. Analyze the reasons that agriculture and slavery became entrenched in the South. North vs. South.

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Sectional Differences

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  1. Sectional Differences Chapter 7: Section 2

  2. Objectives Analyze why industrialization took root in the northern part of the US. Describe the impact of industrialization. Analyze the reasons that agriculture and slavery became entrenched in the South.

  3. North vs. South • Industrialization occurred most in the Northeast • Changed the structure of society • In the South, cotton production boom helped to deepen the region’s commitment to slavery • The 2 parts of the country developed in different ways this would complicate politics in the US

  4. North Embraces Industry • Thomas Jefferson’s Plan • Maintain farmers • 1815-1860, industrial boom • Democratic Republican policies contributed to industrial development

  5. Spread of Industrialization • Embargo of 1807 and the War of 1812 cut off access to British manufactured goods • Americans built their own factories in NE • British goods threaten American factories • Tariff of 1816 • Tariff on imports designed to protect American goods • Increased the price on imports by 20-25% • Tariff helped industry but hurt farmers who had to pay higher prices for consumer goods

  6. Sad farmer… paying too much for consumer goods

  7. Why the Northeast? • Factories emerged in the northeast because… • 1. greater access to capital 2. Had more cheap labor in factories 3. Rivers water power

  8. Question • What factors contributed to industrialization in the early 1800s? • In the Northeast, a supply of labor, power, and capital contributed to industrialization

  9. Social Change in the North • Arrival of industry… • Not as much skill needed for jobs • Hurt highly paid artisans (blacksmiths, shoemakers, and tailors)  could not compete with low-cost laborers • Artisans suffer from declining wages

  10. Workers Organize • Political change • 1820 elections (Local and State elections) • Workingmen’s Party • Sought free public education and laws to limit working day to 10 hours vs. 12 hours • Labor unions • Unions could strike for higher wages, reduce hours, or to improve conditions • Helped skilled tradesmen • “Lowell mill girls” 1834, 1836 • Neither union movement or Workingmen’s Party prospered during 1800s

  11. Middle Class Emerges

  12. Emigration from Ireland and Germany

  13. Emigration • 1840s, working class comprised of immigrants • Surge of immigrants came from Ireland and Germany • Political upheavals, economic depression, rural famines • Boosted share of nation’s population • Promoted urban growth • 40% of NYC population • Went wherever there were factory jobs • Rapid influx of people caused social and political strains • Poverty and Job competition • Nativists • Campaigned for laws to discourage immigration or to deny political rights to newcomers

  14. Irish Immigration

  15. Irish Famine

  16. Irish Famine

  17. Question • How did industrialization change the experience of working people? • Industrialization create new job opportunities, but it also reduced the wages previously earned by artisans. It also created a more rigid division of social classes.

  18. Southern Agricultural Economy and Society • 1780s, hope that slavery would become unpopular • Switch from tobacco to wheat cultivation • Deep South cotton leading crop • Slavery heightens

  19. Cotton Production Surges • Boost of cotton industry • 3 factors: cotton gin, western expansion, industrialization • 1793, invention of cotton gin • Separated cotton seed from white fiber • Supplied Northern factories with cotton • Cotton and cotton textiles accounted for over half the value of all American exports

  20. Cotton Boom Spreads Slavery • Slavery flourished and became more deeply entrenched in the South • Needed more workers and more land • Cotton was very profitable slaves became more valuable to owners • Overseas trade banned in 1808 • Illegal trade and interstate trade

  21. Interstate Slave Trade

  22. Economic Consequences • Limitation of regional development with cotton production • Issue of relying on one crop • No urban growth • North grew faster than the South gave North political power • South had limited consumer demand • More profitable to buy a plantation

  23. Cultural Consequences • A dispersed population and slavery affected the South • Planters opposed education for slaves/poor whites • Poor whites also got very little/no education • Illiteracy 15%

  24. Defending the Slave System in the South • Common farmers wanted to acquire their own slaves and plantations • Dread of freeing slaves revenge on owners • All whites felt racially superiority • Felt they had more rights than those in the North • Felt more independent • 1850s, proslavery • The institution of slavery • Said slavery was kinder to African Americans than industrial life was to white workers

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