Ben J. Sliwinski Building Research Council School of Architecture University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

1. Ben J. SliwinskiBuilding Research CouncilSchool of Architecture University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Saving Energy Municipal Buildings and More

2. Overview • Introduction – A Little About SEDAC • The Language of Energy • Technologies for Energy Efficiency • Municipal Buildings • Park Districts • Water Treatment • Waste Water Treatment

3. SEDAC Background • Since starting in 2005 SEDAC has completed about 430 Energy Audits with report. • 32 million sf of buildings audited, 8 million sf of audit projects on the books currently • About 31 percent energy cost savings on average • Have audited a wide variety of building types

4. Typical SEDAC L3 Service • Design Review and/or Site Inspection • Computer Modeling of Base Case and Alternatives with ECRMs • Energy Savings Analysis • Life Cycle Cost Analysis • Final Report with Recommendations

5. Quick Sample of Buildings Audited

6. Colleges to Convenience Stores

7. Restaurants to Hotels

8. Classic High Rise

9. And Public Buildings

10. Of All Kinds

11. What is energy? • Energy is a substance (or property) which can be converted into work.

12. The two laws which energy follows are: • Energy cannot be created or destroyed. (1st Law) • When converting heat into work the conversion cannot be complete. (2nd Law)

13. Sources of Energy • The Sun • Fossil Fuels • Coal, Oil, Natural Gas • Renewable Fuels • Wind, Solar, Hydropower, Biomass • Nuclear Reactions • Nuclear Decay • Nuclear Fission • Nuclear Fusion (someday?)

14. The British Thermal Unit (BTU) • A Btu is the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of one pound of water 1 degree Fahrenheit.

15. How much energy is in….

16. Energy and Power • Power is Energy per unit time. • Energy is related to power as gallons are related to gallons per minute.

17. Energy and Power terms • therm – 100,000 Btu, heat energy sources such as natural gas and steam may be sold in therms. • Kilowatt (kW) – a measure of power equal to 1,000 watts, it is also equal to 3,412 Btu/hr • Kilowatt-hour (kWh) - A kilowatt-hour is the quantity of energy delivered when power flows at the rate of one kilowatt for one hour. It is equal to3,412Btu.

18. Energy and Power terms • Cooling Ton - A cooling ton is 12,000 Btu/hr. It is the rate of cooling required to produce one ton of ice in a 24 hour period. The capacity of most air conditioning systems are expressed in tons.

19. Energy Efficiency Opportunities

20. Use your energy bills to estimate: $/sf per year (quick and dirty use with caution) around $1/sf = good $1 to $2/sf = fair to slightly poor (typical) $2 to $3/sf = probably room for improvement $3/sf and above = oink (unless there is a process) kBtu/sf per year – more accurate than dollar metric – can use TargetFinder Benchmarking (Is it a Hog?)

22. Trouble Shooting with Simple Graphs

23. Trouble Shooting with Graphs and Computer Modeling

24. What is a Municipal Building? • City Hall, Fire Station, Police Station, Library, Recreation Center? • Typical ECRMs • Insulation • Lighting • Windows • LED Exit Signs • HVAC Upgrades

25. How Buildings Use Energy • Building Envelope (Walls, Roof, Windows, Floors) • Lighting • Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) • Internal and Process Loads (cooking, hot water, swimming pools, manufacturing, etc.)

26. Increase Wall and Roof Insulation • Insulate Walls to at least R-13 • Insulate Roofs to at least R-20, Attics to R-38. Floors over unconditioned spaces to R-30. • Highly Efficient Buildings will have values which exceed these.

27. Window Characteristics • Five key parameters: • U-Factor • Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC) • Visual Light Transmittance (VLT) • Air Leakage (cfm/sf) • Condensation Resistance • www.nfrc.org

29. The magic of “Low-E” • The “E” stands for emissivity • Absorptivity and Emissivity describe how materials respond to radiation. • The properties are wavelength dependent. • This allows a material to transmit light but block heat.

31. Why Low-E works…

32. Tailoring the Window • Lower U values almost always the best choice. • Solar Heat Gain Coefficient can be selected to block less heat in Northern Climates more in Southern. • VLT can be chosen to maximize daylighting or to eliminate glare.

33. Some Window Rules-of-Thumb

34. Insulating Window Shades • High R-Value Window Shades, while expensive, may also be a viable option.

35. Interior Window Films • If acceptable by building management, window films may be a useful option. Choose film tailored for climate.

36. Air Sealing • Air Sealing is just as important in a commercial or municipal building as it is in your home – maybe even more! • Wind and Stack effects are greater In multi story construction.

37. Programmable Thermostats • They work when you use them.

38. Thermostat Set-Back and Set-Up • Set Heating to 68 F, set-back to at least 60 during unoccupied periods. Let condensation be your guide. • Set cooling to 74, set-up to 80 during unoccupied periods. Developing morning recovery schedule based on demand charges or system capacity. • Easy to do on systems without reheat.

39. VAV Supply Air Temp. Reset • Saves cooling energy • Saves reheat energy • Increases hours when economizer can be utilized.

40. VAV Fans • Static Pressure Reset on VAV Systems. • Provides significant fan energy savings since system is often at part load • Reduces fan noise

41. VAV Control Deadband “Variable air volume (VAV ) terminal units shall be programmed to operate at the minimum airflow setting without addition of reheat when the zone temperature is within the set deadband.” To meet this requirement, the control system must allow separate heating and cooling setpoints that are at least 5°F apart. If, for example,the cooling setpoint is 75°F, then the control system cannot enable the reheat coil until the space temperature drops to 70°F or below.

42. Demand Control Ventilation

43. Radiator Valves • For spaces that tend to overheat, and don’t have thermostats for control of radiators or hot water convectors.

44. Boilers, Chiller, Etc. • Don’t start boilers until OA temperatures are below 50 consistently. • Consider shutting down boilers used for AC reheat in the summer or resetting the supply water temperature. • Shut down chillers when OA temperatures are consistently below 50, and use economizer.

45. Isolate Off-Line Boilers • The key to maximizing efficiency with two or three boilers is to be sure that each boiler is completely isolated from the others so that non-operating boilers will not be hot with system water.  This will eliminate most of the jacket heat losses from the non operating boiler.

46. Isolate Off-Line Chillers • Depending on plant arrangement and offline chiller can act as a bypass between supply and return water. • This reduces system delta T, and wastes pumping energy.

47. Try Refrigerant Migration Free Cooling • Some centrifugal chillers can provide free cooling at reduced capacity during periods when low temperature condenser water is available.

48. Reset Boiler Water and Chilled Water Supply Temps. • Lower boiler water supply temperature in mild weather. • Raise chilled water supply temperature in mild or dry weather.

49. Reduce Boiler Blowdown Rate • Review your blowdown practices to identify energy saving opportunities. • Examine operating practices for boiler feedwater and blowdown rates developed by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME). Considerations include operating pressure, steam purity, and deposition control. • Consider an automatic blowdown control system • Fact Sheet Available at http://www1.eere.energy.gov/industry/bestpractices/pdfs/steam9_blowdown.pdf

50. Compact Fluorescent