1. IFAD SL Workshops Background to Sustainable Livelihoods Approaches • Developed in response to dissatisfaction with the RESULTS of development efforts • Not INVENTED • EVOLVED from the late 1980s through the 1990s (and still evolving) Slide 1 Background of Sustainable Livelihoods

2. IFAD SL Workshops Contributions to the development of SLA • Country work by OXFAM and WORLD BANK on characterisation of the poor • Experience of wide-range of NGOs & CBOs, bi- & multi-lateral agencies, informing researchers • Work by ROBERT CHAMBERS and GORDAN CONWAY on RURAL LIVELIHOODS • Work by AMARTYA SEN on ENTITLEMENTS Slide 2 Background of Sustainable Livelihoods

3. IFAD SL Workshops Approaches contributing to the development of SLA • PARTICIPATORY APPROACHES to development • FARMING SYSTEMS RESEARCH • Recognition of some of the limitations in MICRO-FINANCE • New approaches to MULTI-DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS of POVERTY (including by IFAD) Slide 3 Background of Sustainable Livelihoods

4. IFAD SL Workshops Processes in the development of SLA • Identifying and analysing WEAKNESSES in development practice - what didn’t work? • Distilling BEST PRACTICE - what worked? • Development of a NETWORK to identify best practices • Constantly EVOLVING • LEARNING from EXPERIENCE Slide 4 Background of Sustainable Livelihoods

5. IFAD SL Workshops Organisations developing, adopting and adapting SLA • Many organisations involved in development of SLA in parallel and in partnership • Different organisations have adapted it to their specific priorities and concerns Slide 5 Background of Sustainable Livelihoods

6. IFAD SL Workshops Organisations using SLA e.g. International NGOs: CARE Save the Children OXFAM ITDG (Intermediate Technology Development Group) e.g. Bilateral: DANIDA SIDA DFID e.g. Multilateral : UNDP FAO WFP IFAD World Bank Slide 6 Background of Sustainable Livelihoods

7. IFAD SL Workshops Alternative SL Frameworks • Different organisations have “represented” the idea of “sustainable livelihoods” in different ways • All highlight similar basic concepts • Alternative frameworks reflect different priorities of organisations • Frameworks adapted to institutional “cultures” Slide 7 Background of Sustainable Livelihoods

8. IFAD SL Workshops H Vulnerability Context Shocks Seasonality Trends Changes N Policies Institutions Processes S Livelihood Strategies Livelihood Outcomes The Poor influence P F DFID’s SL Framework Slide 8 Background of Sustainable Livelihoods

9. IFAD SL Workshops DFID’s SL Principles • People-centred • Sustainability-focused • Holistic • Implemented in partnership • Linking the micro with the macro • Dynamic • Building on the strengths of the poor Slide 9 Background of Sustainable Livelihoods

10. IFAD SL Workshops ASSETS Human Capital Social Capital Economic Capital (Livelihood (Claims & (Stores & capabilities) access) resources) Natural Resources Infrastructure Economic, Cultural & Political Environment Shocks & Changes • Security of: • Food • Nutrition • Health • Water • Shelter • Education • Community • Participation • Personal • Safety Production & Income Activities Household Consumption Activities Processing & Activities The CARE Livelihood Model Slide 10 Background of Sustainable Livelihoods

11. IFAD SL Workshops Improve targeting of poor households HOLISTIC ANALYSIS FOCUSED STRATEGY Participatory Approaches Improved Household Livelihoods Ensure programmes address real livelihood security needs Ensure programmes emphasise learning & change management Personal empowerment Social empowerment COHERENT INFORMATION STRATEGY REFLECTIVE PRACTICE Improve synergy between programmes Guiding principles in CARE’s Livelihood Model Slide 11 Background of Sustainable Livelihoods

12. IFAD SL Workshops Policies Institutions Processes Macro impacts Meso External Environment Micro N • Vulnerabilities • Human (ie disease) • Social (ie conflict) • Natural (ie drought) • Financial (ie markets) • Physical (ie isolation) • Opportunities • Human / Social / • Natural / Financial / Physical • Local / Regional • National / International S H Capital Assets P F Livelihood aspirations influence influence Negotiation of: Common objectives; Processes & structures; Roles Livelihood outcomes Impact on Livelihoods Increasing Opportunities Implementation The KhanyaSL Framework Slide 12 Background of Sustainable Livelihoods

13. IFAD SL Workshops Policies, Institutions & Processes Vulnerability Context • Macro • International bodies • International agreements • & obligations • Government • Representative bodies • Legal system • Property rights Livelihood Assets • Trends & • Changes • Market trends • Economic conditions • Technological changes • Environmental change • Shocks • Political unrest • Natural disasters • Seasonality Human Social (political, religious, cultural) • Meso • Government departments • Local government • Civil society organisations • NGOs CUSTOM Natural GENDER AGE CLASS • Micro • Community-based • organisaionts • Communitygovernment • Local committees Physical Financial RULES Livelihood Aspirations improved well-being - better education - better housing - better services - increased access to resources - increased income Livelihood Strategies migration - natural resource-based - non natural-resource-based The Tanga SL Framework (based on Khanya) Slide 13 Background of Sustainable Livelihoods

14. IFAD SL Workshops Outcome Sustainable Livelihood Entry point Local Adaptive Strategies Assets, knowledge, technology Policy - macro-micro, cross-sectoral Governance - local government, CSOs, empowermentx Technology and Investment Drivers The UNDP Sustainable Livelihoods Approach Slide 14 Background of Sustainable Livelihoods