1 / 47

Byzantine & Islamic Timeline

Byzantine & Islamic Timeline. 527 Justinian and Theodora begin rule 642 Islam begins expansion 632-655 First Conquests (Syria, Persian Empire, Egypt) 655-661 Islamic Civil War: Umayyads vs. Ali (Sunni vs. Shia) 661-750 Second Conquests (North Africa, Spain)

niveditha
Télécharger la présentation

Byzantine & Islamic Timeline

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Byzantine & Islamic Timeline • 527 Justinian and Theodora begin rule • 642 Islam begins expansion • 632-655 First Conquests (Syria, Persian Empire, Egypt) • 655-661 Islamic Civil War: Umayyads vs. Ali (Sunni vs. Shia) • 661-750 Second Conquests (North Africa, Spain) • 732 Islamic expansion ends with battle of Tours

  2. BYZANTIUM

  3. Main concepts • Roman system of government - laws, institutions • Christian nation • Bureaucracy • Greek based empire protects Europe.

  4. Roman Resurgence • Until 527 the Roman Empire was declining culturally, militarily and geographically.

  5. Byzantine world 526 CE

  6. Roman Resurgence • Reign of Justinian and Theodora • reclamation of lost territories

  7. Reconquests of Justinian

  8. Roman Resurgence • Reign of Justinian and Theodora • Code Justinian • last Latin speaking Emperor • builds the Church of the Holy Vision (Hagia Sophia).

  9. Mosaic of Justinian and Bishop of Ravenna

  10. Theodora and her attendants

  11. Hagia Sophia - exterior

  12. Floor Plan

  13. Hagia Sophia

  14. Hagia Sophia

  15. Mosaics on second floor

  16. Decline after Justinian • Conquests and plagues leave empire weakened • weakened by wars • attacks from the steppe (Bulgars and Avars) • invasion from Arabia in 634 CE (loss of Syria, Palestine, Egypt and North Africa) • invasion from loss of Italian and Spanish territories • weakened by religious controversies.

  17. Religion • Iconography • Patriarch • Greek Orthodox Church • church as refuge • mystical, but not open to innovation. Our Lady of Vladimir - Icon

  18. Religion • Role of Christianity • Emperor deeply involved in religious issues • monks and monasteries • unify the empire: role of Emperor • can tear apart the empire - iconoclasm • missionaries.

  19. Sample ninth-twelfth century Icons St. John St. Thomas St. Philip

  20. Religion • 9th century Byzantium returns to use of icons • Opened a serious breach between East and West • Led to renewed emphasis on Orthodox faith as key to political unity

  21. Bureaucracy • Greek fire and importance of trade Use of Greek fire against Umayyid navy

  22. Bureaucracy • Sources of stability • Internal political history, the story of violence and palace revolts • Efficient bureaucratic practices • Education and religion • Economic activity • The army and navy • Sound economic base • Role of Constantinople as trade emporium • Agriculture

  23. Bureaucracy • government manages economy - wages, prices, jobs • monopoly on silk from the Chinese empire • makes Bzyantine state rich

  24. Silk Trade

  25. Artwork New Testament Illustration Gold marriage ring

  26. Artwork Diptych Justinian-style Cross

  27. Bureaucracy • Byzantine culture • Preserved ancient Greek heritage • Greek thought • Revered Plato and Thucydides • Aristotle regarded with less interest • Neglected Greek scientific and mathematical tradition • Preservation rather than innovation the hallmark of Byzantine classicism • Education extended to both men and women • Art and architecture • Church of Santa Sophia (Holy Wisdom)

  28. Protects Europe • Byzantium and the Western Christian world • Growing religious tensions • Sack of Constantinople by crusading armies (1204) • Legacy to the West • Bulwark against Islam • Preserved an independent and Christian West • Preservation of classical literature • Art and architecture

  29. ISLAM

  30. Muhammad (571-632) • Born into lesser branch of one of Mecca’s leading clans • has a mystical experience - becomes a prophet • 622 flees from Mecca to Medina - known as Hijra - year 1 in Islamic calendar • Begins conquests • 630 Mecca submits • 632 rest of Arabia does as well.

  31. Arabia in Mohammed’s Lifetime

  32. The Growth of Islam • The Religious teachings of Islam • Islam means “submission” • Allah—the Creator God Almighty • Muhammad as the last and greatest prophet • Practical steps for salvation and the Qur’an • Islam, Christianity, and Judaism • Jesus was a prophet but was not the son of God • Old and New Testaments as divinely inspired • Islam as a way of life—no sacraments or clergy

  33. Koran (Qur’an) • God’s communication directly with Mohammed - last of a long line of prophets • ultimate authority on spiritual and worldly matters • respects, but supersedes Old and New Testaments

  34. Five Pillars of Faith • God would assure all of eternal salvation if they led upright, sober lives and followed the five precepts of Islam • “There is no God but Allah, and Muhammad is his prophet.” • pray 5 times a day • fast during month of Ramadan • give generous alms • pilgrimage to Mecca • sixth - but not a mandated - struggle to expand and protect the community - this is where the concept of jihad manifests.

  35. grand mosque_UT0067644.jpg

  36. First Conquests • Muhammad prohibited warfare against other Muslims • unified region attacks the weakened Sassanid (Persian) and Byzantine Empires • success leads to territorial acquisitions • Syria and Egypt dislike Byzantine religion - do not put up much fight • 636 defeat of Byzantine army • 637 defeat of Sassanid army • expansion (see map).

  37. Expansion of Islam

  38. Civil War (655-661) • Conflict over who would lead the unified religious/political territory (caliphate) • Ali, cousin and son in law of Muhammad (Shi’ites) • Umayyad (powerful family in Mecca) (Sunnis) • Umayyads win and move capital to Damascus.

  39. Abbasids (750-1258) • Period of massive conversion to Islam among conquered people (not permitted in earliest years) • shift of capital to Baghdad - shift focus east • expansion into India and East Indies • changing role of women • “Golden Age” of Islam.

  40. Scientific Practices • Building upon classical learning of the Greco-Roman world • synthesis of learning from Greece, Rome, Persia and India - founding of the House of Wisdom • only because of Islam were the works of the Greeks preserved • period of massive cultural achievement • architecture, art, poetry, medicine, astronomy.

  41. Conversion • Normally Muslim leaders did not persecute Christians and Jews (some exceptions) they ruled • taxation • rising cultural strength attracts conversion. Percentage of Final Muslim Population Year

  42. Islamic Culture • Muslim society and culture, 900–1250 • Cosmopolitan and dynamic society • At Baghdad and Cordoba, careers were open to those with talent • Treatment of women • The Qur’an allowed a man four wives • The harem

  43. Art • Fusion of many cultures stimulates many creations • Limitation on creative directions • incorporation and transformation of existing art types.

  44. Abbasid Decline • Disintegration of empire begins • Spain (Umayyad), Egypt, Syria and eastern Persia break free • 1055 conquered by Seljuk Turks • period of fighting between other Muslim kingdoms • decline coincides with the Crusades.

  45. Islam at the year 1000

  46. Impact of the Islamic World • The impact of early Islamic civilization on Europe • Economics and technology • Greek philosophical and scientific knowledge • Preservation and interpretation of the works of Aristotle

More Related