TURKISH EMPIRE

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2. INTRODUCTION Turkish Empire also known as the Ottoman Empire was founded at the end of 13th century in North-Western Anatolia in the locality of Bilecik and Sogut by Turkish leader Osman. The word Ottoman is a historical name of Osman 1. ‘Osman’ refers to tribal followers. The Ottoman Empire was a multi-national, multi-lingual empire controlling much of Southeast Europe, Western Asia, North Africa, South Causcasus (now known as Azerbaijan) and the Horn of Africa. It contained 32 provinces and many states. He capital of the Turkish Empire is Constantinople with its lands around Mediterranean Basin. It is the Centre of Interactions between Eastern and Western. With the extension of Turkish into the Balkans was lost temporarily after 1402 but Murad II later recovered them between 1430-1450. Now, the conquest of Constantinople (now known as Instanbul) was a crucial objective which was fulfilled by the son of Murad II- Mehmed.

3. History of Turkish Empire With the decline of the power of Seljuk who was the sultanate of Rum in 13thcentury, Anatolia divided into self-governing areas known as Anatolian Beyliks. One of these sovereign principalities was led by Osman. Osman’s followers comprised of Turkish tribal groups and Byzantine rebels. Osman expanded his control by conquering Byzantine towns. After his death, Orhan, the son of Osman captured the North Western Anatolian city of Bursa in 1326 and made it the new capital of the State. The major city of Thessaloniki was captured from the venetians in 1387 and 1389 Kosovo was conquered from Serbia. This marked the Ottoman expansion to Europe.

4. Classical Age Of Turkish Empire (1430-1550) After the conquest of Constantinople the empire emerged as a supreme power in Southeastern Europe and Easter Mediterranean. After this, Orthodox church accepted the Ottoman authority because of the bad relations Byzantine Empire and Western Europe and to them Ottoman rule was more preferable to venetian rule. This made Mehmed II assume the title of Kayser-i-Rum which meant Roman Emperor. In order to consolidate this title the ruler aimed to conquer the major areas of Rome. The state prospered economically due to overland trade routes between Europe and Asia.

5. Transformation of Ottoman Empire To curb the control of Ottoman empire, European States made efforts by avoiding their trade monopoly by establishing their own trade routes. This bought a price revolution in the ottoman society which caused extensive inflation in Europe and Middle East. However in the 17th century  However, the 17th century was a important period in which the state and its structures began to adapt to new pressures and realities, internal and external. 

6. Reforms of the Empire (1700-1827) The Australian Empire posed a threat to the Ottoman Empire during this period. The Empire began to improve the defences of its cities in the Balkan peninsula against European expansionism. Other temporary reforms were also enacted: taxes were lowered, there were attempts to improve the image of the Ottoman state, and for the first time private investment and entrepreneurship occurred.

7. Rise of Azerbaijan At the start of11th century, the territory was gradually conquered by waves of Turkic tribes. The first of these Turkic dynasties established was the Seljuqs, now known as Azerbaijan by 1067. It is a country located in the South Caucasus region of Southwest Asia and Southeastern Europe. It is one of the independent Turkey state which gained independence in 1918. In 1920 it was incorporated in a soviet union. It is a unitary semi-presidential republic.

8. Modernization (1828-1908) During this period, the government's sequence of constitutional restructuring led to • A fairly modern recruited army, banking system reforms, • The decriminalisation of homosexuality and slavery • The replacement of religious law with secular law[49] ,  • Association with modern factories. • The introduction of first ottoman bank note

9. Continued… • Opening of post offices. • Reorganization of financial systems. • Reorganization of civil and criminal quotes. • First Ottoman Parliament. • The adoption of national anthem and national flag, national identity card • Ministry of education and academy of science Many such reforms came up when the ottoman united with Britain against Russia

10. References Trumpener, U., 2015. Germany and the Ottoman Empire, 1914-1918. Princeton University Press. Miller, W., 2013. Ottoman Empire and Its Successors 1801-1927: With an Appendix, 1927-1936. Cambridge University Press. Kunt, İ.M. and Woodhead, C., 2014. Suleyman the Magnificent and His Age: The Ottoman Empire in the Early Modern World. Routledge. Weisband, E., 2015. Turkish foreign policy, 1943-1945: small state diplomacy and great power politics. Princeton University Press. Inalcik, H., 2013. The Ottoman Empire: 1300-1600. Hachette UK. Baer, M.D., 2013. An Enemy Old and New: The Dönme, Anti-Semitism, and Conspiracy Theories in the Ottoman Empire and Turkish Republic. Jewish Quarterly Review, 103(4), pp.523-555. Hanioğlu, M.Ş., 2010. A brief history of the late Ottoman empire. Princeton University Press.

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