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Bones, Part 1: The Axial Skeleton

7. Bones, Part 1: The Axial Skeleton. The Vertebral Column. Formed from 26 bones in the adult Transmits weight of trunk to the lower limbs Surrounds and protects the spinal cord. The Vertebral Column. Serves as attachment sites for muscles of the neck and back Held in place by ligaments

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Bones, Part 1: The Axial Skeleton

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  1. 7 Bones, Part 1:The Axial Skeleton

  2. The Vertebral Column • Formed from 26 bones in the adult • Transmits weight of trunk to the lower limbs • Surrounds and protects the spinal cord

  3. The Vertebral Column • Serves as attachment sites for muscles of the neck and back • Held in place by ligaments • Anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments • Ligamentum flavum

  4. The Vertebral Column C1 2 Cervical curvature (concave) 7 vertebrae, C1 – C7 3 4 5 6 7 Spinous process T 1 2 Transverse processes 3 4 Thoracic curvature (convex) 12 vertebrae, T1 – T12 5 6 7 8 9 Intervertebral discs 10 11 Intervertebral foramen 12 L 1 Lumbar curvature (concave) 5 vertebrae, L1 – L5 2 3 4 5 Sacral curvature (convex) 5 fused vertebrae sacrum Coccyx 4 fused vertebrae Anterior view Right lateral view Figure 7.18

  5. Regions and Normal Curvatures • The Vertebral column has five major regions • 7 cervical vertebrae of the neck region • 12 thoracic vertebrae • 5 lumbar vertebrae • Sacrum—five fused bones • Inferior to lumbar vertebrae • Coccyx—inferior to sacrum

  6. Regions and Normal Curvatures • Curvatures of the spine • Cervical and lumbar curvatures • Concave posteriorly • Thoracic and sacral curvatures • Convex posteriority

  7. Regions and Normal Curvatures • Curvatures increase resilience of spine • Thoracic and sacral curvatures • Primary curvatures • Present at birth • Lumbar curvature • Develops when baby begins to walk

  8. Ligaments of the Spine • Major supporting ligaments • Anterior longitudinal ligament • Attaches to bony vertebrae and intervertebral discs • Prevents hyperextension • Posterior longitudinal ligament • Narrow and relatively weak • Attaches to intervertebral discs

  9. Ligaments of the Spine Intervertebral disc Supraspinous ligament Anterior longitudinal ligament Transverse process Sectioned spinous process Intervertebral foramen Posterior longitudinal ligament Ligamentum flavum Interspinous ligament Anulus fibrosus Nucleus pulposus Inferior articular process Sectioned body of vertebra Posterior longitudinal ligament (a) Median section of three vertebrae, illustrating the composition of the discs and the ligaments Anterior longitudinal ligament Body of a vertebra Intervertebral disc (b) Anterior view of part of the spinal column Figure 7.19a, b

  10. Ligaments of the Spine Vertebral spinous process (posterior aspect of vertebra) Spinal cord Nucleus pulposus of intact disc Spinal nerve root Transverse process Herniated portion of disc Anulus fibrosus of disc Nucleus pulposus of disc Herniated nucleus pulposus (d) MRI of lumbar region of vertebral column in sagittal section showing normal and herniated discs (c) Superior view of a herniated intervertebral disc Figure 7.19c, d

  11. Intervertebral Discs • Are cushion-like pads between vertebrae • Composed of • Nucleus pulposus • Anulus fibrosus

  12. Intervertebral Discs • Nucleus pulposus • Gelatinous inner sphere • Absorbs compressive stresses • Anulus fibrosus • Outer fings formed of ligament • Inner rings formed of fibrocartilage • Contain the nucleus pulposus

  13. General Structure of Vertebrae Posterior Lamina Vertebral arch Spinous process Transverse process Superior articular process and facet Pedicle Vertebral foramen Body (centrum) Anterior PLAY Spine (horizontal) Figure 7.20

  14. General Structure of Vertebrae • Common structures to all regions • Body • Vertebral arch • Vertebral foramen • Spinous process • Transverse process • Superior and inferior articular processes • Intervertebral foramina

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