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This systematic review examines the evidence gaps in Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) and Controlled Clinical Trials (CCTs), focusing on the validity and usefulness of Observational Studies (OS). It evaluates whether OS address the review question, considers the natural history of the disease or exposure, identifies potential biases, and refocuses the review question on existing gaps.
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Always consider: RCTs CCTs Systematic review question (including PICOS) Are their gaps in the trial evidence? Yes No Confine review to RCTs/CCTs Consider OS Will OS provide valid and useful information? Assess the suitability of OS: Natural history of the disease or exposure Potential biases Assess whether OS address the review question Refocus the review question on gaps