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Chapter 10

Chapter 10. Islam. Bedouins. Who: nomadic herders What: moved through the desert to reach seasonal pasturelands for their animals; predecessors the Islamic peoples Where: southwest Asia, Middle East When: 500

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Chapter 10

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  1. Chapter 10 Islam

  2. Bedouins • Who: nomadic herders • What: moved through the desert to reach seasonal pasturelands for their animals; predecessors the Islamic peoples • Where: southwest Asia, Middle East • When: 500 • Why: they traded with settled Arab tribes in oasis towns; & protected caravan routes

  3. Bedouins (6) • Who: nomadic herders • What: moved through the desert to reach pasturelands for their herds • Where: Arabian penin, ME • When: 500 AD • Why: competition for water & grazing land led to warfare; predecessors of the Islamic ppl

  4. Muhammad • Who: prophet of Islam • What: messenger of God, he founded the Islamic faith • Where: Mecca, Arabian peninsula • When: 570-632? • Why: he was troubled by the morals of society & would meditate in the hills- heard an angel’s voice telling him “There is one God and one ppl” = the basis of Islamic faith, he started the Islam religion

  5. Muhammad (6) • Who: Arab prophet of Islam; founder of Islam • What: established the Muslim faith after receiving a vision that told him there was only one God • Where: Mecca, Arabian penin., ME • When: 570-632 AD • Why: the Muslim faith has greatly influenced modern culture and would not exist w/o him

  6. Workbook part A • 570- Muhammad was born • 595- Muhammad meets Khadija (his wife) • 622- faced w. threat of murder, M & his followers left Mecca for Yathrib (Medina); this marked the 1st year of the Islamic calendar- this journey was known as the Hijra • 630- Muhammad returned to Mecca • 632 Muhammad died

  7. Mecca • Who: Muslims, Muhammad • What: a market town at the crossroads of several trading routes, where Muhammad was born, where Islam was founded • Where: Arabian peninsula, Middle East • When: 570 AD • Why: this is where Muhammad the prophet was born; the Islamic religion was founded here; the Kaaba is here

  8. Mecca (6) • Who: Arabs & Muslims, Muhammad • What: a bustling market town that is at the crossroads of many trading routes • Where: Southern Arabian penin, ME • When: 570 • Why: the trading in the area helped make merchants wealthy; this is where M was born; this is where Islam was founded; this is where the Kaaba is located

  9. Yathrib • Who: Muhammad & his followers • What: a city that M & his followers flee to to avoid death; the journey here is known as the Hijra, a city near Mecca • Where: Arabian peninsula, ME • When: 622 • Why: this city is where Muhammad & his followers escaped to avoid murder; it was later renamed Medina

  10. Hijra • Who: Muhammad & his followers • What: the journey from Meccca to Yathrib (Medina) of Muhammad & his followers • Where: Arabian penin, ME • When: 622 AD * • Why: they left Mecca b.c. of the threat of murder= went to Yathrib (Medina) = this journey marks the 1st year on the Islamic calendar (beginning of Islam); today Muslims complete this journey as part of their religion

  11. Hijra (6) • Who: Muhammad & his followers • What: a religious journey from Mecca to Yathrib • Where: from Mecca to Yathrib (Medina), Arabian penin, ME • When: 622 * • Why: this journey led M & his followers to safety = marked the 1st year of the Islamic calendar = Islam was now a religion

  12. Medina • Who: M & his followers • What: city that was renamed this, used to be Yathrib • Where: Arabian penin, ME • When: 622 AD • Why: M visited here and it became known as “City of the prophet” & was renamed Medina; his journey to here marked the 1st year on the Islamic calendar

  13. Kaaba (Ka’ba) • Who: Muslims • What: a temple that Muslims believed Abraham built to worship God • Where: Mecca, Arabain penin, ME • When: 630 • Why: this became the most holy place in Islam; Muslims travel here to pay homage to Islam & Allah

  14. Quran • Who: Muslims • What: the sacred text of Islam • Where: Mecca, Arabian penin, ME • When: 622 • Why: this states that ppl are responsible for theoir own actions, teaches God is all powerful & compassionate; lists the 5 pillars of the faith: Declaration of the faith; Daily prayer, Alms for the poor, Fasting, Hajj

  15. Mosques • Who: Muslims • What: a house of worship for the Islamic faith • Where: Southwestern Asia, Mecca, ME • When: 622- present • Why: the second pillar of faith in the Islam religion is prayer- Muslims often meet in the mosque in order to pray

  16. Hajj • Who: Muslim pilgrims • What: a pilgrimage to Mecca to participate in ceremonies commemorating the actions of Muhammad • Where: Mecca to Medina • When: 622- present • Why : their simple attire symbolized the abandonment of the material world for God; the 5th pillar for Muslims- they must make this journey 1 time in their life

  17. Jihad • Who: Muslims • What: struggle in God’s service, a personal duty of Muslims who focus on overcoming immortality w/in themselves; religious war • Where: Arabian penin, ME • When: 600s • Why: this is a duty of the Muslims to defend their religion = still around today

  18. Sharia • Who: Muslim scholars • What: a body of law that includes interpretations of the Quran, Islamic law • Where: Arabian penin, ME • When: 600s • Why: this regulates moral conduct, life, business practices, and government in Islamic nations and for Islamic ppl

  19. Workbook part B • 3 main Bubbles: • Quran • Sacred text of Islam • Sharia law • 5 pillars of Islam • Declaration of faith • Pray 5 times daily • Give charity to the poor • Fast during Ramadan (don’t eat) • Make Hajj (pilgrimage) to Mecca once in your lifetime

  20. Section 2

  21. Abu Bakr • Who: Muhammad’s father in law • What: the first Caliph (leader after M’s death) • Where: ME • When: 632 • Why: he is the first successor after Muhammad died & led the Islamic religion after M was gone; he encouraged Muslims to follow God not M = ppl leaving Islam; however, converted many ppl to Islam = Islam grew; military campaigns to spread Islam

  22. Caliph • Who: Abu Bakr • What: successor to Muhammad in leading the Islamic faith; the leaders of Islam religion after M • Where: Arabian penin, ME • When: 632- • Why: M died, Muslims were searching for a new leader= the Caliph was the leader that led the religion after M; the 1st 4 caliphs had successful military campaigns; the disagreement over who should be leader = Sunni v Shiite

  23. Sunni • Who: Muslims • What: a large group of Muslims that formed the majority of Muslims, believed leader should be chosen • Where: Arabian penin, ME • When: 600s • Why: they felt that any good Muslim could lead the community since there was no prophet after M; felt that the leader should be a pious, male Muslim & should be chosen

  24. Shiite • Who: Muslims • What: a smaller group of Muslims that wanted to leave the larger community of Muslims based on who should be leader • When: 600s- present • Where: Arabian penin, ME • Why: M died = Muslims disagreed who should be leader = this grp of Muslims said it must be a descendant of M through his daughter & son in law Ali; they believe the descendants are divinely inspired and meant to rule.

  25. Sunni v. Shiite (both) workbook pg 92 • Sunni: • Largest group (90%) • Believed the leader of Islam should be good, pious male Muslim • Iran • Shiite: • Smaller group (10%) • Believed the leader of Islam shoud be a descendant of M • Iraq Both: Allah, Quran, worship in a Mosque, obey 5 pillars

  26. Sufis • Who: Muslim mystics • What: a small group of Muslims that sought communion w. Allah through meditation, fasting, and other rituals • Where: Arab. Penin, ME • When: 600s • Why: they helped spread Islam by traveling, preaching, & being good examples; they carried their faith to remote villages where they blended local traditions & Muslim beliefs ; were very pious & some thought to be mystical

  27. Umayyad • Who: Meccan Muslims • What: a dynasty of Sunni caliphs that rules a Muslim Empire until 750 • Where: Mecca, Arabian penin, ME • When: 650-750 • Why: their conquests enabled the spread of Islam & Muslim civilization; spread as far Spain; try to conquer Constantinople; they were successful militarily b.c. they were stronger than other empires; they created an effective govt; they were restrictive on ppl they conquered- forcing ppl to convert; eventually they couldn’t govern effectively & were taken over by Abbasid

  28. Abbasid • Who: Muslims, Abu al-Abbas, Shiite, & non Arab Muslims • What: a Shiite Muslim dynasty founded by Abu al-Abbas • Where: Baghdad, ME • When: 750-1258 • Why: tried to create an empire based on equality of all Muslims; halted the large military conquest; the empire reached its’ greatest wealth & power; Muslim civilization flourished; created a more sophisticated bureaucracy & encouraged learning; Moved capital to Baghdad; Persian traditions influenced the empire

  29. Baghdad • Who: Shiite Abbasid Muslims • What: a new capital the Abbasid Caliphate created • Where: Arabian penin, ME • When: 750-1258 • Why: the caliph’s palace was in the center of this new capital city; poets, artists, scholars flocked here during the Abbasid rule; it exceeded Constantinople in size & wealth= became the grandest capital during this time

  30. Minarets • Who: Muslims • What: slender towers that are part of the mosques • Where: Arabian penin, ME • When: 600s- present • Why: Muslims (Meuzzins) would climb to the top and call all the Muslims to prayer 5 times a day

  31. Sultan • Who: leader of the Muslim Turkish ppl • What: a ruler of the Turks • Where: Arabian penin, ME • When: 600s • Why: this leader was different from the Caliph- the Caliph was the religious leader of Islam; the Sultan was the political leader of the Turkish empires that were Muslim

  32. Workbook pg 90 part B • Copy the timeline on pg. 129 of your book

  33. Section 3

  34. Social Mobility • Who: Muslim people • What: the ability to move up or down in social classes, up or down on the social pyramid • Where: Arabian penin, ME • When: 8th & 9th centuries (700s,800s) • Why: people could improve their social rank through religious, scholarly or military achievements

  35. Calligraphy • Who: Muslims • What: the art of beautiful handwriting • Where: Arabian penin, ME • When: 688 • Why: artists worked the flowing Arabic script into decorations on buildings; major characteristic of Muslim art; gave to the rest of the world (i.e. Western Europe)

  36. Section 3 Workbook- Muslim Achievements Look on the website for “Section 3 workbook answers”

  37. Section 4

  38. Delhi • Who: Sultan • What: a capital of the northern plains of India • Where: India • When: 1100s-present • Why: this was the capital of a Sultanate (land ruled by a sultan); the Delhi Sultanate ruled India 1206-1526 which marked the start of Muslim rule in India- now there are Muslims & Hindus in India

  39. Rajahs • Who: Muslims, local Hindu rulers • What: a local Hindu ruler that would be left in charge of a region of India by the real Muslim rulers (Sultan) • Where: India • When: 1206-1526 • Why: The Muslims came into India to rule = some would leave these local Hindu rulers in charge of their region in India = this showed a blending of cultures b/n the Hindus & Muslims

  40. Sikhism • Who: Nanuk, Indian holy man • What: a new religion that was created in Northern India • Where: India • When: 1300s • Why: this blended Indian Islamic & Hindu beliefs together to make one religion; it preached unity of God, brotherhood of men, rejection of caste system (social structure); no to idol worship; believe reincarnation; later organized into military forces that clashed with Mughal (Muslim empire) rulers

  41. Babur • Who: descended from Genghis Khan & Tamer Lane • What: military genius, poet, & author; Mughal leader that started the Mughal Dynasty in Muslim India • Where: India • When: 1526 • Why: he got rid of the remnants of the Delhi Sultanate; set up Mughal Dynasty (1526-1857); his grandson was Akbar the Great

  42. Mughal • Who: Muslim Mongol armies • What: Persian word for Mongol, a dynasty that took over Delhi Sultanate in India • Where: India • When: 1526-1857 • Why: they conquered the Delhi Sultanate in India, est a Muslim dynasty; great rulers of the dynasty: Babur, Akbar, & Shah Jahan; great achievements were left to India from this dynasty

  43. Akbar • Who: chief builder of the Mughal dynasty, Akbar the Great • What: ruler of Mughal dynasty; created strong central gov’t • Where: India • When: 1556-1605 • Why: he created a strong gov’t = Akbar the great; Muslim ruler that respected Hindu ppl- married a Hindu princess to show his tolerance of the other religion; he gave Hindus gov’t jobs

  44. Shah Jahan • Who: Akbar’s grandson, Mughal ruler • What: known for building the Taj Mahal • Where: India • When: 1658- • Why: his rule was during the highpoint of the Mughal dynasty- art, literature, & architecture; built the Taj Mahal- most well-known monument in Indian history

  45. Taj Mahal • Who: Shah Jahan, Mumtaz (his wife) • What: a tomb that Shah Jahan built for his wife • Where: India, • When: 1658 • Why: Shah Jahan loved his wife soooo much that he built this grand tomb for her when she died; this became the most well-known monument in Indian history; took 20 years to build = really $$$$ = bankrupt India b.c. he had to increase taxes of the ppl

  46. Section 5

  47. Ottomans • Who: Turkish speaking nomadic people • What: migrated into northwestern Asia (where the Byzantine Empire was) & took over; Muslim empire • Where: northwestern Asia (where the ByzEmp was) • When: 1453-1914 • Why: they conquered the ByzEmp & created the Ottoman Empire; they rename Constantinople to Istanbul; powerful empire that controlled this region- Suleyman & Janissaries; taken over by more powerful empires in 1914

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