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The Age of Religious Wars

The Age of Religious Wars. Chapter 12. The French Wars of Religion (1562 – 1598). Huguenots : French protestants under government “surveillance” in 1520 Henry II began persecuting Huguenots Persecutions ended under the reign of Henry IV in 1589. January Edict . Issued in 1562

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The Age of Religious Wars

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  1. The Age of Religious Wars Chapter 12

  2. The French Wars of Religion (1562 – 1598) • Huguenots: French protestants under government “surveillance” in 1520 • Henry II began persecuting Huguenots • Persecutions ended under the reign of Henry IV in 1589

  3. January Edict • Issued in 1562 • Issued by Catherine de Medicis, regent for Charles IX • Edict granted Protestants freedom to worship publicly

  4. Beginning of the French Religious Wars • March 1562: Duke from Guise family led massacre on Huguenots, which spawned the French War • Huguenots & Protestants fought against the Guise faction <Catherine allied with the Guise family herself>

  5. St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre • Happened in 1572 • 3,000 Huguenots were killed on St. Barth’s Day • Supported by Catherine of Medicis • Within 3 days following, more than 20,000 Huguenots had been executed

  6. The Peace of Beaulieu • Led by Henry III in May 1576 • Granted Huguenots almost complete religious and civil freedom • Within 7 months, Catholic League forced Henry to retract these liberties • Henry III assassinated... • Henry IV takes power, converts to Catholicism, and makes settlement w/ Huguenots...

  7. Edict of Nantes • Issued on April 13, 1598 by Henry IV • Recognized Huguenots’ rights within France • Granted Huguenots freedom of worship, right of assembly, and “a series of other liberties”

  8. Imperial Spain and Reign of Philip II (r. 1556-1598) • Philip II of Spain: Powerful Catholic ruler of Hapsburg lands • Battle of Lepanto: Spain defeated Turkey • Spain annexed Portugal and gained access to their colonies in Africa, India, and the Americas

  9. Philip’s Failures • Tried to conquer the Netherlands • Resisted by William of Orange and the Count of Egmont • Egmont was executed • Resistance put down by Duke of Alba • Dutch continued their campaign against Spanish governance

  10. Other Stuff About Spain • Pacification of Ghent: Catholic and Protestant provinces came together against Spain in 1576 • Twelve Years’ Truce: True peace with Spain achieved in 1609 • Peace of Westphalia: Full recognition of peace finalized in 1648

  11. England and Spain (1553-1603) • Mary Tudor restored Catholicism of Henry VIII • Elizabeth I: Mary’s half-sister and successor • 1559 Act of Supremacy: undid anti-Protestant legislation Mary had enacted • The act made Elizabeth “Supreme Governor” • Elizabeth strove to maintain middle ground between the Catholics and Protestants

  12. France allies with England • Facing a real threat from Spain, England allied with France in 1571 • Elizabeth decided to execute Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots • Mary’s assassination, being an ardent Catholic and heir to the Scottish throne, aroused Catholic anger

  13. Spain vs. England • Philip II ordered his Armada to prepare for war w/ England • Battle resulted in complete victory for England • Encouraged European Protestants

  14. The Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648) • Complicated Series of battles in four phases: • Bohemian (1618 - 1625) • Danish (1625 - 1629) • Swedish (1630 - 1635) • Swedish-French (1635 - 1648) • Mainly because the countries had radically different political and religious agendas

  15. The Bohemian Period (1618 – 1625) • Calvinists demanded more freedom from Catholic Hapsburg ruler Ferdinand • “Defenestration of Prague”: Protestant nobility responded to Ferdinand’s revocation of religious rights by throwing two of his regents out a window

  16. Danish Period(1625 - 1629) • King Christian IV of Denmark tried to bring Protestantism to Germany • Forced to retreat by Maximilian • Edict of Restitution: 1629, Ferdinand outlawed Calvinism

  17. Swedish Period(1630 – 1635) • Military tactics of King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden helped Protestants with the battle at Breitenfeld • Swedes refused to join the Peace of Prague Agreement • POP Agreement: compromise between German Protestant states and Ferdinand

  18. Swedish-French Period(1635 – 1648) • Final phase of Thirty Years’ War • Involved French, Swedish, and Spanish soldiers wreaking havoc in Germany • At this point in the war, religious issues became secondary to political ones

  19. The Treaty of Westphalia (1648) • Stopped Ferdinand’s Edict of Restitution • Recognized Calvinists • Independence of Swiss Confederacy and provinces of Holland proclaimed • German princes acknowledged as supreme rulers • Broadened legal status of Protestantism • Caused more of Germany’s internal division and political weakness

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