Ch. 19 The Industrial Revolution Begins

1. Ch. 19 The Industrial Revolution Begins

2. Inquiry Question #1 How did life change after the industrial revolution?

3. Life Changes in the Industrial Age Before: • small villages • handtools • small cottages • candles • self-sufficient; made own clothing/food • inward; knew littleof outside world After: • towns and cities • machines • tenement houses • kerosene and gas lamps • dependent; bought clothing and food • outward; moved frequently and quickly; train, steamship

4. Inquiry Question #2 What caused the Industrial Revolution?

5. Causes of the Industrial Revolution • Farming methods improve (2nd agricultural revolution) • 1500s enclosure increases production • More food = population growth = more workers • Agricultural changes create unemployed farm workers, mass rural to urban migration = more workers in cities • More people = more demand for goods Enclosure Act 1770s

7. What has happened lately? Urban and rural development 1950-2030

8. Population explosion

9. Causes of the Industrial Revolution (cont.) • Demand for textiles grows, machines developed to speed production; flying shuttle, spinning jenny • Textile machines become too big and expensive to operate at home; new factories replace cottage industries (putting-out system) - the industrial revolution begins!

10. Causes of the Industrial Revolution (cont.) • New sources of energy; steam (James Watt perfected it), and coal • Less expensive, better qualityiron = more and better bridges, railways, machines The world's first iron bridge, erected in 1779, built by Abraham Darby View Glencoe DVD “The Growth of Industrial Prosperity” (steam engine)

11. Before the Industrial Revolution - Britain was behind Inquiry Question #3: Why was Britain the first to industrialize?

12. Why Britain? • Natural resources; coal, water, iron ore

13. Why Britain? • The industrial revolution began in textiles and that was Britain’s leading industry

14. Why Britain? • Good communication and trade supported by British navy • Good rivers, ports, access to sea (foreign markets)

15. Why Britain? • Britain supported industry by building better transit systems to ship goods (domestic markets)

16. Why Britain? • Already had a large skilled workforce • It had the capital that was necessary thanks to wealth from its overseas empire • Good economy made entrepreneurs were willing to risk their money • Stable government that supported economic growth

17. Social Impact of the Industrial Revolution • At first, brought poverty, harsh livingconditions; dangerous working conditions, unsafe, unsanitary and overcrowded housing for most people The Silent Highwayman-1858 Pollution in the Thames River

18. The Factory System

19. The Luddites Ned Ludd and a partner smash a textile machine

22. Worker Housing, Manchester

23. London Tenement Housing

24. Social Impact (cont.) • A new middle class • The bourgeoisie; they own the industries • Wealthy and middle class live well; workers do not

25. Life in Factories and Mines • Long hours; 12-16 hour days, 6-7 days a week • Low wages; child labor; no safety devices; no breaks, accidents • Mines; higher wages but worse conditions; no light; coal dust; explosions; flooding; collapsing tunnels

26. Young Coal Miners

27. Child Labor in the Mines

28. Textile Factory Workers

29. Child Labor in the Factory

30. Effects of Industrialization • Labor laws to help workers, especially children • Labor unions; better wages, hours, working conditions • Working class men got right to vote and political power • Mass produced goods were cheaper = more demand = more jobs

31. Effects of Industrialization (cont.)

32. Thomas Malthus • Laissez-faire economist • Population will outstrip food supply and the earth’s ability to support us • Population increases will cause the poor to suffer • Families should have fewer children • Thought only natural checks on population could save us; war, disease and famine • Opposed charity and vaccinations

33. Food production grows arithmetically. Population grows geometrically.

34. Adam Smith • Laissez-faire economist • The Wealth of Nations • Government should not • interfere with the free • operation of the economy • Afree market would help • everyone, rich and poor

35. David Ricardo • Laissez-faire economist • Iron Law of Wages; wage • increases could never keep • up because people would • have more children which • in turn, would drive down • wages • Like Malthus, he opposed • government help for the poor • Like Smith, he opposed • government interference in • the economy; individuals • should work harder to improve • their lot

36. Jeremy Bentham • Utilitarian philosopher • Goal of society should be “the greatest happiness for the greatest number” of its citizens • Supported individual freedom but saw a need for government involvement

37. John Stuart Mill • Utilitarian Philosopher • Thought government should help the poor and working class • Government should prevent middle and upper class business owners from improving their happiness at the expense of others • Workers and women should have the right to vote so they can have the power to improve their lives

38. Robert Owen • Utopian socialist • Wealthy mill owner • Encouraged labor unions • Fought against child labor • Laissez-faire capitalism cannot end poverty, it only makes it worse • All people should own the means of production not just an individual • Established a Utopian community in New Lanark, Scotland where all work and property was owned by all

39. Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels • Father of communism ; hated capitalism • Economics is the driving force in history • Bourgeoisie vs. Proletariat; workers would win and set up a classless society where all means of production would be owned by the community and their would be no war or conflict

40. Inquiry Question #4 Which of these philosophers do you agree with and why?

43. Economic Systems