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The Role of Kings and Trade in Ghana, Mali, and Songhai Empires

This section explores the governance and societal structures of the Ghana, Mali, and Songhai empires. Kings utilized drums to call citizens to meetings and managed trade while maintaining authority through loyalty and taxation. Notable rulers like Mansa Musa expanded their kingdoms, promoted education, and established Mali as a center of culture and commerce. The imposition of Islamic laws reshaped governance across these empires, leading to rich cultural exchanges and advancements in learning, while highlighting the importance of local rulers in maintaining order.

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The Role of Kings and Trade in Ghana, Mali, and Songhai Empires

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  1. CHAPTER 13 SECTION 2 1

  2. GHANA 2

  3. RULER & SUBJECT • drums called citizens to meetings with kings • settled arguments • managed trade • protected empire • expected complete obedience in return • merchants received favors from kings • kings received taxes from merchants • local rulers kept some power • kings received their loyalty • kingdoms grow richer • extended control over larger area • system kept peace 3

  4. GOVERNMENT • council of ministers • group of close advisors • provinces • kingdom divided to control empire • district chiefs • oversaw smaller districts • clan • group of families related by blood or marriage • descended from same ancestor 4

  5. GOVERNMENT CONTINUED • insisted local rulers send sons to royal court • kings controlled trade • gold nuggets – only king owned • people only traded with gold dust • kingdom inherited by sister’s son 5

  6. MALI GOVERNMENT • larger scale • more territory • more people • more trade • royal officials • supervised Niger River fishing • looked after forests • oversaw farming • managed money 6

  7. SUNDIATA KEITA • founder • divided empire into provinces • put generals put in charge • accepted • protected people from invaders • often came from provinces they ruled 7

  8. MANSA MUSA • kept citizens loyal • rewarded with gold, land, & horses • “National Honor of the Trousers” • granted to military heroes • Muslim • made Mali a great center of education, commerce, & the arts 8

  9. MANSA MUSA’S PILGRIMAGE • brought with him… • 8,000 enslaved people • 100 camels carrying baggage • 24,000 pounds of gold • each person carried a staff of gold • spent so much gold in Cairo that price of gold dropped & did not recover for more than 12 years • announced Mali’s riches & achievements to world • brought attention to his kingdom • put Mali on map • many European nations & African kingdoms wished to establish trade with Mali 9

  10. SONGHAI Empire built on traditions of Ghana and Mali. 10

  11. SUNNI ALI • founder • divided empire into provinces • never finished • continually moved, fighting battles • originally practiced traditional religion • declared himself Muslim to keep support of townspeople • mysterious death • son refused to follow father’s example 11

  12. MUHAMMAD TURE • Sunni Ali’s general (Songhai) • seized control of government • loyal Muslim • had support of Muslim townspeople declared himself king • religious ideas affected government • drove Ali’s family from Songhai • took name “Askia” rank in army 12

  13. ASKIA MUHAMMAD • built largest empire in medieval West Africa • kept local courts in place – told to honor Muslim laws • made Timbuktu center of Islamic culture • set up 150 schools to teach Quran • Muslim schools introduced Arabic language to Africa • empire survived family disputes • Moroccan invasion ended empire (guns) 13

  14. OLAUDAH EQUIANO • member of Igbo • wrote … • Africans did have a religion • believed one creator of all things • supreme god • determined death & captivity 14

  15. IBN BATTUTA • young Arab lawyer from Morocco • traveled throughout lands of Islam for almost 30 years • surprised by what he saw on his travels • visited Mogadishu & met sultan • sultan – a military or political leader • not all Muslim women in Africa wore veils • wrote about his observations 15

  16. SWAHILI • “people of the coast” • language & culture of East Africa • African influence from interior Africa • Muslim influence from Arab & Persian settlers • halted inland trade when Portuguese tried to destroy Swahili culture 16

  17. ISLAM’S IMPACT ON AFRICA • people adopted Islamic laws & ideas about what is right & wrong • Islam advanced learning • Arabic language was introduced • African art & buildings • architects built beautiful mosques & palaces 17

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