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Anatomy of the Upper Limb: Structure, Joints, and Muscles

The upper limb comprises freely movable components including the shoulder, arm, elbow, forearm, wrist, and hand. The shoulder girdle is formed by the clavicle and scapula, facilitating limb movement and muscle attachment. The scapula features distinct fossae for muscle attachment, while the humerus connects with the shoulder joint, a synovial ball-and-socket structure. The arm houses key muscles like biceps and triceps, with the cubital fossa containing important nerves and arteries. The wrist comprises eight carpal bones forming essential joints for wrist movement.

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Anatomy of the Upper Limb: Structure, Joints, and Muscles

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  1. Upper limb

  2. Freely movable on trunk at shoulder joint • Consists of: • Shoulder, • arm, • elbow, • forearm, • wrist and hand

  3. Shoulder girdle consists of • clavicle and • the scapula

  4. Clavicle • Long slender bone across the root of the neck. • Sturt holding the arm away from trunk and • transmits forces from limb to axial skeleton and • provides attachment to the muscles

  5. Subcutaneous • Medial 2/3rd convex forward • Lateral 1/3rd concave forward • Articulations: • Sternum and 1st costal cartilage medially • Acromian process of scapula laterally

  6. Scapula • Flat triangular bone • Posterior thoracic wall between 2nd and 7th ribs • Spine of scapula forming acromion articulating with scapula • Superolateral angle fossaglenoidfossa articulating with humerus forming shoulder joint • Coracoid process projects upward and forward, attaches muscles

  7. Subscapularfossa: entire anterior concave surface • Supraspinaousfossa : concave surface above the spine • Infraspinousfossa: concave surface below the spine

  8. Humerus • Head of humerus: 1/3rd of sphere and articulates with glenoid cavity of scapula • Surgical neck: Just below the sphere is • Anatomical Neck: point of fusion of head with the shaft. • Medial and later epicondyles for attachment of muscles • Rounded capitulum(lateral) for head of radius and pulley shaped trochlearfor ulna

  9. Axilla • Axilla or armpit, is pyramid shaped space formed by the axillary folds, • Anterior by lower border of pectoralis major and behind by tendon of latissimusdorsi and teresmajor muscle

  10. Contents of axilla • Axillary artery (direct continuation of subclavian) & arteries • Axillary vein & tributries • Brachial plexus: • Radial nerve(C5,6,7,8,T1) • Median nerve(C5,6,7,8,T1) • Ulnar nerve(C8,T1)

  11. Shoulder joint • Synovial ball and socket joint between rounded head of humeres and glenoid cavity of scapula

  12. Rotator cuff • Stabilize the shoulder joint: • Supraspinatus, • Infraspinatus • Teres minor • Subscapularis • Stabilizes and supports the shoulder joint

  13. Arm • Sheath of deep fascia divides • Anterior compartment • Biceps brachii (major muscle) • Brachial artery • Musculocutaneous nerve • Flexes the elbow joint • Posterior compartment • Triceps muscle • Branches of brachial artery • Radial nerve • Extends the elbow joint

  14. Cubital fossa • Triangular depression in front of the elbow • Brachioradialis muscle, laterally • Pronatorteres, medially • Skin,fascia, superiorly and • Imaginary line between the 2 condyles of humeres • Contains: • Median nerve, • Bifurcation of brachial artery into ulnar and radial arteries • Radial nerve

  15. Radius • lateral bone of forearm • Articulations, • Proxiamally, with humeres and ulna • Distally, with scaphoid, lunate and ulna

  16. Ulna • Ulna is the medial bone of the forearm • Articulations: • * trochlea of the humerus, at the right side elbow as a hinge joint with semilunartrochlear notch of the ulna. • * the radius, near the elbow as a pivot joint, this allows the radius to cross over the ulna in pronation. • * the distal radius, where it fits into the ulna notch. • * the radius along its length via the interosseous membrane that forms a syndesmoses joint.

  17. Wrist • Eight carpal bones, made of 2 rows of 4 bones • Proximal row(lateral to medial): • Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetral, Pisiform • Distal row: • Trapezium,trapezoid, capitate and hamate

  18. Wrist joint • Distal end of radius and articular disc above and scaphoid, lunate and triquetral bones below. • Synovial ellipsoidal joint • Intercarpal joints • Synovial plane joints

  19. Palm is made of metacarpals, and phalanges

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