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Parenting types

Parenting types. Once children become mobile, parents need to direct their children's behaviour. Introduction into rules and sanctions. Do all parents do this in the same way? No. Baumrind: 2 dimensions of parenting. 2 dimensions of parenting. Parenting types. 1. Nurturance.

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Parenting types

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  1. Parenting types • Once children become mobile, parents need to direct their children's behaviour. • Introduction into rules and sanctions. • Do all parents do this in the same way? • No. • Baumrind: 2 dimensions of parenting

  2. 2 dimensions of parenting Parenting types 1. Nurturance

  3. 2 dimensions of parenting Parenting types 1. Nurturance • Parents high (low) in Nurturance are warm (cold) and emotionally attuned (unattuned) to their children

  4. 2 dimensions of parenting Parenting types 1. Nurturance • Parents high (low) in Nurturance are warm (cold) and emotionally attuned (unattuned) to their children 2. Control

  5. 2 dimensions of parenting Parenting types 1. Nurturance • Parents high (low) in Nurturance are warm (cold) and emotionally attuned (unattuned) to their children 2. Control • Does the parent demand compliance? How? • Reasoned compliance vs power assertion

  6. 2 dimensions of parenting Parenting types 1. Nurturance • Parents high (low) in Nurturance are warm (cold) and emotionally attuned (unattuned) to their children 2. Control • Does the parent demand compliance? How? • Reasoned compliance vs power assertion 4 Parenting Types

  7. Baumrind’s 4 Parenting Types Nurturance High Low High Control Low

  8. Baumrind’s 4 Parenting Types Nurturance High Low • Authoritative • Demanding but responsive. • Reasoned compliance. • Consider child's perspective. • Clear demands. High Control Low

  9. Baumrind’s 4 Parenting Types Nurturance High Low • Authoritative • Demanding but responsive • Reasoned compliance • Consider child's perspective • Clear demands • Authoritarian • Demanding but unresponsive • Forced compliance. • Consider own perspective. • Clear demands. High Control Low

  10. Baumrind’s 4 Parenting Types Nurturance High Low • Authoritative • Demanding but responsive • Reasoned compliance • Consider child's perspective • Clear demands • Authoritarian • Demanding but unresponsive • Forced compliance. • Consider own perspective. • Clear demands. High Control Permissive Responsive but undemanding Consider child's perspective Few demands/ Feel powerless Low self-esteem Low

  11. Baumrind’s 4 Parenting Types Nurturance High Low • Authoritative • Demanding but responsive • Reasoned compliance • Consider child's perspective • Clear demands • Authoritarian • Demanding but unresponsive • Forced compliance. • Consider own perspective. • Clear demands. High Control Uninvolved Unresponsive & undemanding Neglectful Permissive Responsive but undemanding Consider child's perspective Few demands/ Feel powerless Low self-esteem Low

  12. Are parenting types associated with certain child outcomes? • Yes

  13. Children of authoritative parents • Understand and accept social rules • (1) sociable • (2) self-regulating • (3) positive affect • (4) strong self-concept

  14. Children of authoritarian parents • Social rules understood but not internalized. • (1) situational compliance • (2) poor emotional functioning: withdrawn • (3) poor social functioning: lack of spontaneity

  15. Children of permissive parents • (1) poor impulse control • (2) poor compliance • (3) low achievement motivation

  16. Children of uninvolved parents • Widespread developmental delay

  17. Parenting Types • Summary: According to Baumrind, 4 distinct classes of parenting styles. • Each associated with different child outcomes

  18. Parenting Types • Summary: According to Baumrind, 4 distinct classes of parenting styles. • Each associated with different child outcomes • Criticism: Can things be so simple? Do parents differ categorically?

  19. Parental Cognitions • Parental behaviour shaped by thoughts • Example: Child acts up at dinner. • Attributions? Is the child trying to be bad? • Need to make observations • Goals? • Resolve dispute quickly?  Power assertion • Teach child values?  Reasoning

  20. Parental Cognitions • Advantage over typologies? • Continuous vs categorical variables. • Greater range of variation between parents • Greater contextual sensitivity  Allows for within-parent variability • More powerful statistical procedures

  21. Punishment • Common response to child misconduct • Administration of an aversive stimulus or removal of a positive stimulus • Often includes hitting/spanking  Straus & Gelles (1986) found 90% of parents of 3- and 4-year-old children reported using corporal punishment in the last year • What is the effect of punishment?

  22. Punishment • Can help to reduce unwanted behaviours in the short run • Effectiveness depends on: • Timing (must follow soon after transgression) • Rationale? • However, corporal punishment can have lasting negative emotional and behavioural consequences.

  23. Punishment • Corporal punishment: lasting negative long-term consequences • Olweus: higher aggression esp for boys • Modeling aggression • In the absence of positive attention, can actually reinforce negative behaviours • Children withdraw  parent has less opportunity to socialize children in other ways

  24. Fathers • Traditionally, play a secondary role in infant care and child-rearing. • New & Benigni, 1987  investigated parenting in rural Italy • Fathers not present @ birth • No physical caregiving • Infant-directed behaviours from a distance • Less involved as child grew older • Why?

  25. Fathers • Traditionally, play a secondary role in infant care and child-rearing. • New & Benigni, 1987  investigated parenting in rural Italy • Fathers not present @ birth • No physical caregiving • Infant-directed behaviours from a distance • Less involved as child grew older • Why? • Traditional beliefs • Only women capable of emotional care • Fathers provide financial support • Only women have the skills

  26. Fathers • Do traditional roles have any biological foundation? • Frodi et al., 1978  Compared mothers’ and fathers’ physiological reaction to quiet, smiling, or crying infants • Similar changes in heart rate, blood pressure, and skin conductance

  27. Fathers • Do traditional roles have any behavioural foundation? • Parke & O’Leary Compared mothers’ and fathers’ behaviours toward their newborn • Fathers just as likely to hold, touch, and vocalize to their infants

  28. Fathers • Traditional family roles not “set in stone” • In fact, fathers in some countries increasingly involved in parenting • Progressive social policy (e.g.,Sweden) • Fathers entitled to 2 years paternity leave • Reduced workday until child 8-years-old • Changing social roles (e.g., USA) • Fathers assume primary care-giving role in 20% of double-income families

  29. Fathers • Still, change is slow; fathers still spend only 33% of the time that mothers spend with children • Why? • Little experience, lack of confidence in skills • Mothers  Only 23% of employed mothers say they want more childcare help from fathers; traditional roles hard to relinquish

  30. Fathers • Do mothers and fathers provide different kinds of child-care? • Yogman et al., 1977  Compared how mothers and fathers interact face-to-face with their infants • Fathers: interact in abrupt bursts • Mothers: rhythmic and soothing

  31. Fathers • Do mothers and fathers provide different kinds of child-care?

  32. Fathers • Do mothers and fathers provide different kinds of child-care? • Lamb, 1997  Compared mothers’ and fathers’ play • Fathers engage in more physical and unpredictable play (e.g., throwing, tickling, etc) • Mothers engage in calmer more co-operative play

  33. Fathers • Do mothers and fathers provide different kinds of child-care? • Lamb, 1997  Compared mothers’ and fathers’ play • Fathers engage in more physical and unpredictable play (e.g., throwing, tickling, etc) • Mothers engage in calmer more co-operative play Consequence Infants seek out fathers for play; mothers for comfort

  34. Fathers • Role of father underscored by the effect of the “absentee father” • Biller, 1974  Father absence has a large effect, esp for boys (gender role, aggression, academic achievement) • Why?

  35. Fathers • Father provides “identity figure” • Loss of financial and emotional support for entire family & boys more vulnerable to stress • Today, fathers thought to make a general contribution to broad family dynamics

  36. Summary • Parents an important socializing force in development • Considerable variability in parenting styles • Some of this variability may derive from parents’ own childhood experiences • Mothers and fathers play complimentary parenting roles

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