Single Gender Education in Public Schools: Not Like When Grandpa Attended School

1. Single Gender Education in Public Schools: Not Like When Grandpa Attended School School District of LaCrosse Dr. Steve Salerno (Based on presentations from Dr. Leonard Sax, author of Why Gender Matters, Mr. David Chadwell, Director of Single Gender Initiatives for South Carolina,and the Somerset Public School District)

2. What is Single Gender Education?

3. What Single Gender Education is NOT

4. Why the need for Single Gender Education? • There is an increasing disparity in achievement between genders. • Beginning in MS, there is a decline in girls’ math performance and athletic participation (nosedives in HS) • Girls have been conditioned to overlook sciences and mathematics, although they are perfectly capable. • Boys have stopped reading for pleasure. • Declining enrollment for males in colleges

5. Why the need for SGE (continued)? According to Michael Gurian, author of The Wonder of Boys, The Good Son, and The Mind of Boys: • Boys achievement • Boys - learning disabilities diagnoses • Boys - discipline referrals. • High school dropouts are male.

6. Interesting Facts About the Brain • Brain tissue can be distinguished by sex, but cannot be by race. • Adulthood in terms of brain development

7. Gender/Brain Differences (continued) • Girls’ brains mature faster linguistically by about 4 years (found across all cultures). • Boys and girls process language in different areas of their brains. • Boys’ brains mature faster mathematically by about 4 years. • Boys and girls process math in different areas of their brains. • Girls hear better. • Girls and boys notice different things (boys: motion; girls: bright colors and people).

8. A Disclaimer • The information being shared is only what we have found in our four year study – more to follow. • Suggested practices may not apply to all girls and all boys. Every student is unique. • Not all practices are currently being implemented – we see this as a progressive approach (evolutionary not revolutionary)

9. Classroom Dynamics in Mixed Gender Classrooms • Girls talk less often and say fewer words. • Girls are interrupted more. • Teachers don’t pause long enough for thinkers/less aggressive students. • Teachers spend more time with boys. • Boys receive more feedback, and more specific feedback, from teachers ( including praise and correction).

10. As we began our research we discovered some facts about how boys and girls learn. In single-gender classrooms: • Boys are less distracted. They are less focused on girls and impressing them, therefore boys act out less often and concentrate on academics. • Girls have higher self esteem. The #1 determinate of a girl’s confidence in co-ed high schools is how she feels about her looks (not her academic or athletic ability, or how kind she is, or how many offices she has or clubs or jobs or volunteer work). In single-gender classrooms, girls are less obsessed by clothes, hair, make-up and popularity. They concentrate more on academics.

11. Gender Differences Girls: • are more easily distracted than boys and prefer quiet setting which permits focus • prefer cooperative work. • prefer problem solving tasks that help people. Boys: • are more kinesthetic. • Prefer more freedom of movement • Do better when they can be louder and less restricted.

12. Boys Are less distracted so they can focus on learning. Can practice social skills more comfortably. Participate more often and more freely. Girls Ask more questions Do more hands-on-work with equipment Take more leadership roles Talk more Learn more In Single Gender Classrooms… In single-gender classrooms, girls have increased confidence in academic ability. Academic confidence leads to higher aspirations.

13. Girls Face-to-face interactions Get together to talk Friendship focuses on each other Friendship is central to relationship Hierarchies destroy friendship Self-revelation is the most precious badge of friendship Girl friends must be equal Boys Side-by-side interactions Get together to do stuff Friendship is peripheral to relationship Hierarchies organize the camaraderie Self-revelation is to be avoided at all costs Boys have friends cross all equality lines. Teams work for boys as boys sometimes value team affiliation above friendship. Suggested Best Practices: Classroom Management

14. Girls Being friends with the teacher enhances your status with other girls Teacher is considered an ally and friend When encountering difficulties will consult teacher at the initial encounter with difficulty (so encourage girls to work on own – DO NOT SPOON FEED) Use first names to address girls Boys Being friends with teacher lowers your status with other boys Teacher is assumed to be adversary When encountering difficulty will consult teacher as a last resort Use last names to address boys Relationships with Teachers

15. Girls Arrange chairs in circle. Position your spot randomly – move often. Tables are problematic as they promote cliques and apathy. Explain that they will need to sit with these people for a set amount of time. Do not allow them to choose partners as some will be excluded. Make sure you have no favorites! Boys Widely spaced rows and aisles Always moving Establish teacher authority. Allow no personal questions until authority is established. Humor raises your status in the eyes of boys. Use it to establish your authority. Learn better in cooler classrooms (69 degrees). Suggested Classroom Arrangement

16. Girls Make and keep eye contact Smile Sit and listen, don’t talk Nod head affirmatively Agree/sympathize Show unconditional positive regard. For most girls to feel motivated to work, she has to believe you care about her. More Suggested Best Practices • Boys • Shoulder-to-shoulder • Know when to use eye contact and talk louder • Move around classroom • If boy turns in poor quality work – take for a walk or stand and put work in front of you to discuss • Be very direct, not smiling, be very explicit about what you expect • Do not give him opportunity to talk. Ask at end “Are you ok with this?” Every minute or two interrupt yourself to ask a question or for a summary. • Occasionally even get in boys faces to increase brain blood flow, which raises achievement.

17. Small Group Work • Does not work well for boys because when boys encounter difficulties they do not ask for help. • Group work can work when time is severely restrained, group work has a narrow target/topic, and work is organized along team lines. • Use a stop watch and call out time left for boys to keep on task

18. For Girls Create class rules together Discuss and negotiate agreements Post the agreement Identify the ringleader Assign ringleader and victim to work together. By compelling them to work together we give them a way out and still save face. For Boys Communicate who is top dog – you Alpha is one who doesn’t smile 1st week you have to be tough, no nonsense, lay down rules, never turn your back. 1st Week With the Students

19. Mathematics • Girls: • Manipulatives help girls (not boys) • Bring in examples to show math concepts • Begin with real world applications before emphasizing computation • Boys: • Use concrete numbers – start with and stay with numbers • Do not use manipulatives

20. Mathematics (continued) • Single-sex educations is most beneficial for girls in grades 6-12. • Single-sex education is most beneficial for boys in grades 4-8. • It is VERY hard to teach math so both boys and girls get advantages • Drill computations are boy friendly • CMP2 is girl friendly

21. Boys Start in the middle of things at the precipice of the climax to engage them, then back up to beginning to inform them Begin with history rather than social studies Middle school boys like technical details Use maps Tell stories of individual men making choices Avoid how would you feel questions Girls Start with similarities between people now and then Begin with life of girls in that era Avoid long stories about dead white men Girls are not interested in women who are famous because they were married to famous men until they can make connections to what life was like Encourage “how you feel” questions Social Studies

22. Results • Several schools have successfully closed the achievement gap between black/white students; • Girls in all girls classes did better than CE girls (factoring in Special Ed & F/R lunch status); • SS classrooms breakdown gender stereotypes (e.g. Boys got excited about writing poems, art, music, drama, foreign language in comparison to their co-ed counterparts); • Studies continue to show not just better academic performance but more "well rounded" people; • Increased parental involvement; and • NASSPE website showcases several international studies (www.singlesexschools.org)

23. Marshall Middle School’s Rationale WKCE test results show gaps in three areas, one of which is the area of gender. Results show that in some subjects girls perform better than boys while in other subjects the reverse is true. A goal of our school is to work to close this gender gap. With this in mind, our sixth and eighth grade teams met and decided on the following reasons for studying gender differences: • To improve academic rigor in classes, with a sub-goal of diminishing the gender gap on WKCE and Measure of Academic Progress (MAP) tests. • To improve student behavior and attitudes through increased student competence, confidence and class participation.

24. Goals • To increase the maturing / “schoolsmanship” of the individuals in the group • To put an additional emphasis on reading/writing skills • To integrate the content areas in a cross curricular approach (where appropriate) • To build an environment where a “team” can develop where each is invested in the success of the whole • To increase focus on Responsibility and Respect • To build a classroom where failure is not accepted. Thus, instilling success and confidence, that accompanies that success, into each student. • To increase the oral presentation skills of each student, which is also a confidence builder

25. During the past few years we were able to visit schools that currently have gender specific classrooms: • Kennedy Middle School – Germantown, WI • Robert Frost Middle School – Markham, IL • Summer Institute on June 11 – David Chadwell • NASSPE Convention – October 2006/2007

26. Preparing Marshall’s Readiness • Conducted book studies (Why Gender Matters by Sax,Boys and Girls Learn Differently, by Gurian) • Engaged the public in a discussion • Attended trainings (ASCD, NASSPE) • Developed Professional Learning Communities to study and make recommendations • Invited Dr. Sax to visit Janesville • Dr. Sax is serving as our school’s consultant • Collected newspaper artifacts from SSE schools. • Participated in telephone conferencing • Visited SGE schools in IL, MI, and WI

27. 2007-2008 Pilot • SGE on one team in the sixth grade and eighth grades; • Students participate through an "implied consent" process (as recommended) and be randomly placed; • Teams would remain CE; however, certain core academic courses would be gender specific; • A varied format for participating students during the first day of school; • Baseline data will be collected (WKCE, MAP, disciplinary referral rates, attendance, and other student performance data; and • Teachers volunteered for this process and made a minimum commitment of two years.

28. Comments From Boys • Subject matter directed more towards boys. • More physical education and movement. • Don’t have to sit next to girls. • Boys learn better with other boys. • Less arguing between kids in the class.

29. Comments From Parents of Boys(during conferences) • Teaching is focused on boys’ learning styles. • More camaraderie and team building. • My son was more interested in learning. • My son seems more polite and thinks of others more. • Made more friends and wants to partake in group activities. • Much more comfortable with school. • Made good friendships and bonds. • Now he really enjoys school. • Having all boys around helps them feel more “normal” at an age with lots of changes. • Started to enjoy reading and writing more.

30. Comments From Girls • Quieter classroom. • More focus on girl’s subjects and discussions. • Easier to get along with other classmates. • More hands-on activities. • Don’t feel intimidated. • Easier to concentrate. • Get more work done. • Don’t get teased if you don’t know the answer. • Other girls will help you.

31. Comments From Parents of Girls(During Conferences) • Less distracted without the boys. • Improved social skills. • Learned how to resolve conflicts in a more constructive and positive manner. • Less behavior problems. • Taught by style of teaching where girls learn better. • Better sense of community. • More confidence, socially and academically.

32. Summary • HOW single-gender classes are implemented is critical to success or failure. Single-gender settings are not, by themselves, going to help girls and boys. • Teaching methods and classroom environment must be adapted differently for boys and girls. • Teachers and administrators need to continue to learn about the motivations for single-gender education and how to effectively implement it.

33. Conclusions • Single-gender classrooms and schools show promise in improving learning and confidence in girls and boys. • Rather than using stereotypes, the knowledge of gender differences in learning should be used to make decisions. • The goal is to provide an even playing field for the development of academic interests and to break down any artificial barriers to achieving success for both girls and boys

34. Students who are more engaged, who ask more questions, who participate more in class discussions and debates, who take leadership roles, who do more hands-on work and who have greater confidence in their academic abilities will LEARN MORE.

35. Questions?

36. We think it is important that the all-boy and all-girl classes consist of a similar cross-section of academic performance as the mixed classes. How is this achieved? What happens if it wasn’t working out or if a child didn’t like being in a gender specific classroom? When a student struggles in a certain academic area will the pressure of same gender peers be more harmful than helpful? If the pilot goes well, will gender-specific classes be implemented throughout Marshall Middle School?