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Understanding CPU Architecture: A Comprehensive Overview

Explore the intricate details of CPU architecture, from core sections to cache memory and performance factors. Learn about common sections of a CPU die, core control interface, and more. Discover the different types of core sections, registers, and functional units. Dive into processor history and the factors influencing CPU performance. Get insights into cache memory levels and the significance of pipelining in CPU operations.

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Understanding CPU Architecture: A Comprehensive Overview

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  1. CPU Architecture cs2503

  2. Vocabulary • Cache – temporary storage locations available for rapid access.

  3. Common Sections of a CPU die • Clock - reset • Cores • L3 Cache memory • Core control interface • Integrated memory control unit • Integrated GPU

  4. Common Section of a CPU die • Core control interface • BSB connects cores to the off-core, on die cache (L3) • FSB connects the cores and L3 cache to the on chip Integrated Memory Control Unit. (once handled by the Northbridge) • Memory bus connects the IMCU to main memory

  5. Core Sections • Registers (L0) • Cache (L1 and L2) • Functional Control Units • Core Bus • BSB

  6. Core Sections • Registers – Static RAM • Instruction • Integer • Floating point

  7. Core Sections • L1 and L2 cache (Static Ram)

  8. Core Sections • Functional Units, examples: • Arithmetic-Logical unit • Integer unit • Address unit • Floating point unit • Branch unit • Instruction unit • Input/output management unit

  9. Core Sections • Core bus connecting the functional units and cache • BSB – back-side bus connection between the core and off-core cache.

  10. :

  11. Common Micro-Processors • Intel and Intel clones • AMD • Power PC – By Motorola used by Apple & IBM. • Sparc – Sun Microsystems. • MIPS - SGI • Alpha – Compaq/DEC

  12. 32 vs 64 bit Architecture • 4-billion addressable bytes vs a bunch more.

  13. Processor History • The DEC Alpha was the first true 64 bit architecture used in the Cray T3E in 1995.

  14. CPU Performance Factors • CPU Clock speed. • Memory/data bus width – anywhere from 8 to 256 bits wide. • Memory/data bus speed – measured in units similar to clock speed. • The number of Functional Units. • Pipelining of Functional Units. • Chip cache size. • Number of registers • Instruction Scheduling • Threading • Number of cores

  15. Example • Q: How is it possible for a 3.2 GHz processor to be only half as fast as a 1.6 GHz processor for some tasks? • A: The 1.6GHz processor may have a wider and faster data bus, and more on board cache. It may also be able to do multiple tasks simultaneously.

  16. Cache Summary • L0 – on core register cache, ~128 per category • L1 – on core cache, ~32KB • L2 – on core cache, ~256KB • L3 – off core on die cache, 6MB (values are from intel i5 sandy bridge)

  17. Pipelining the laundry

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