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Understanding Minerals, Rocks, and Fossils: The Energy of Earth's Processes

This comprehensive overview covers the essential characteristics of minerals and the types of rocks—igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. You'll learn about the rock cycle, weathering, erosion, and deposition processes. Explore how fossils form and their significance in interpreting past environments. Understand the concepts of relative age, the law of superposition, and methods for determining the relative age of rocks. Additionally, discover the energy transfer involved in geological processes like volcanoes and earthquakes.

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Understanding Minerals, Rocks, and Fossils: The Energy of Earth's Processes

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Presentation Transcript

  1. Minerals, rocks, weathering, sequencing & energy Std. 3

  2. Minerals • Must have the following 5 characteristics: • Naturally occurring • Inorganic • Solid • Crystal structure • Definite chemical composition

  3. Identifying Minerals (physical properties) • Color • Streak • Luster • Density • Hardness • Special Properties

  4. Rock Cycle • Draw

  5. igneous • Extrusive: • Surface • Cooled rapidly • Small crystals • Glassy • Intrusive • Inside earth • Cooled slowly • Larger crystal

  6. sedimentary • Clastic • Rock fragments • Conglomerate & sandstone • Organic • Remains of plants & animals • Coal & limestone • Chemical • Minerals dissolved in solution crystalize • Limestone, halite (rock salt

  7. metamorphic • Foliated • Grains in parallel bands • Gneiss, slate • Nonfoliated • No bands • Grains random

  8. Weathering, erosion, deposition • Weathering • break rock down • Erosion • move it • Deposition • lay down sediment

  9. EROSION • Water • Moves the most sediment • Glaciers • U-shaped valley, till, moraines, kettle lakes • Wind • Sand dunes • Gravity • Move sediment downhill

  10. How fossils form • Death, soft parts decay, hard parts left (teeth, bones) • Sediment covers organism • Sediment becomes rock, preserving parts of organism

  11. Types of fossils • Mold • Cast • Petrified • Cells replaced by minerals or sediment • Bones, petrified wood • Carbon films • Trace fossil • Original/preserved remains • Ice, tar, amber

  12. Fossils & the past • Where do fossils form? • Most: Organisms that once lived in or near shallow water • Sedimentary rock • Tell us about past environments • Shallow bay, ocean bottom, freshwater swamp

  13. Relative Age • Age comparison (older vs. younger) • Law of Superposition • Oldest layers at the bottom, youngest at the top

  14. Determining Relative Age • Extrusion, Intrusion, Fault, Unconformity, Index fossil

  15. - The Relative Age of Rocks

  16. Energy transfer • Volcanoes • Heat and mechanical energy as magma flows • Earthquakes • Energy transferred in seismic waves • Mechanical slipping of fault

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